Surendirakumar Kannaiah, Chongtham Ishworani, Pandey Radha Raman, Muthukumar Thangavelu
Keywords:
AM fungal diversity, Endorhizal colonization, AM morphology, Tree tomato, Tree bean
Despite the importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungi on the growth and yield of field-grown crops, there is limited information on the indigenous root fungal associations in vegetable trees. Hence, we assessed the AM morphology and diversity of AM fungi in rhizosphere soils, as well as colonization patterns of AM and DSE fungi in the roots of two vegetable tree species viz. Parkia timoriana and Solanum betaceum growing under shifting cultivated lands of North East India. The maximum AM spore density and species richness occurred in S. betaceum. Altogether based on spore morphology, 16 AM fungal species were isolated from the field and trap culture soils of studied vegetable trees. Both P. timoriana and S. betaceum had dual colonization of AM and DSE fungi. Parkia timoriana had Intermediate-type AM morphology, whereas, Paris-type morphology was reported for the first time in S. betaceum. Incidence of total AM and DSE fungal colonization in the roots of two plant species varied significantly (P < 0.05). A significant positive correlation also existed among some AM fungal variables and soil properties (P < 0.05). Thus, the occurrence of AM and DSE associations in two economically important vegetable trees grown in hilly terrains indicate the possibility of utilizing them in the future for sustainable vegetable food production.
(*Only SPR Members can download pdf file; #Open Access;)
Akond MA, Mubassara S, Rahman MM, Alam S, Khan ZUM (2008) Status of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae in vegetable crop plants of Bangladesh. World J Agric Res 4:704–708
Alexander I, Ahmad N, See LS (1992) The role of mycorrhizas in the regeneration of some Malaysian forest trees. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 335:379–388
Allen SE, Grimshaw HM, Parkinson JA, Quarmby C (1974) Chemical analysis of ecological materials. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Angami T, Bhagawati R, Touthang L, Makdoh B, Nirmal, Lungmuana, Bharati KA, Silambarasan R, Ayyanar M (2018) Traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr., an underutilized multipurpose tree bean: a review. Genet Resour Crop Evol 65:679–692
Cooper KM, Grandison GS (1987) Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of infection of tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea) by Meloidogyne incognita in fumigated soil. Plant Dis 71:1101–1106
Coughlan AP, Dalpé Y, Lapointe L, Piché Y (2000) Soil pH-induced changes in root colonization, diversity, and reproduction of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from healthy and declining maple forests. Can J For Res 30:1543–1554
Dandan Z, Zhiwei Z (2007) Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the hot- dry valley of the Jinsha River, southwest China. Appl Soil Ecol 37:118–128
Das P, Kayang H (2010) Association of dark septate endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in potato under field conditions in the northeast region of India. Mycology 1:171–178
Devi NL, Singha D, Tripathi SK (2020) Phenology, population structure and carbon sequestration potential of Parkia timoriana: a heirloom tree in traditional Meitei home garden of northeast India. Vegetos 33:222–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-019-00096-3
Dickson S (2004) The Arum–Paris continuum of mycorrhizal symbioses. New Phytol 163:187–200
Evelin H, Kapoor R, Giri B (2009) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in alleviation of salt stress: a review. Ann Bot 104:1263–1280
Firake DM, Venkatesh A, Firake PD, Behere GT, Thakur NSA (2013) Parkia roxburghii: An underutilized but multipurpose tree species for reclamation of jhum land. Curr Sci 104:1598–1599
Gannasin SP, Adzahan NM, Hamzah MY, Mustafa S, Muhammad K (2015) Physicochemical properties of tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) hydrocolloid fractions. Food Chem 182:292–301
García I, Mendoza R (2008) Relationships among soil properties, plant nutrition and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi plant symbioses in a temperate grassland along hydrologic, saline and sodic gradients. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 63:359–371
Guadarrama P, Alvarez-Sanchez FJ (1999) Abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores in different environments in a tropical rain forest. Veracruz Mexico Mycorrhiza 8:267–270
Gucwa-Przepióra E, Chmura D, Sokołowska K (2016) AM and DSE colonization of invasive plants in urban habitat: a study of Upper Silesia (southern Poland). J Plant Res 129:603–614
Hopkins HCF (1994) The Indo-Pacific species of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoidae). Kew Bull 49:181–234
Jackson ML (1971) Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall, New Delhi
Koske RE, Gemma JN (1989) A modified procedure for staining roots to detect VA-mycorrhizas. Mycol Res 92:486–488
Kubota M, Hyakumachi M (2004) Morphology and colonization preference of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Clethra barbinervis, Cucumis sativus and Lycopersicon esculentum. Mycoscience 45:206–213
Lingfei L, Anna Y, Zhiwei Z (2005) Seasonality of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and dark septate endophytes in a grassland site in southwest China. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 54:367–373
Mandyam K, Jumpponen A (2005) Seeking the elusive function of the root-colonizing dark septate endophyte fungi. Stud Mycol 53:173–189
McGonigle TP, Miller MH, Evans DG, Fairchild GL, Swan JL (1990) A new method which gives an objective measure of colonization of roots by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 115:495–501
Muthukumar T, Muthuraja R (2016) Arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate endophyte fungal associations in Asparagus. Turk J Bot 40:1–14
Muthukumar T, Sathya R (2017) Endorhizal fungal association and colonization patterns in Solanaceae. Pol Bot J 62:287–299
Muthukumar T, Udaiyan K (2002) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal composition in semi-arid soils of Western Ghats, southern India. Curr Sci 82:624–628
Muthuraja R, Muthukumar T (2019) Arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate endophyte fungal association in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties, southern India. Not Sci Biol 11:154–166
Pandey RR, Chongtham I, Muthukumar T (2016) Influence of season and edaphic factors on endorhizal fungal associations in subtropical plantation forest trees of Northeastern India. Flora 222:1–12
Priyadharsini P, Pandey RR, Muthukumar T (2012) Arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate fungal associations in shallot (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) under conventional agriculture. Acta Bot Croat 71:159–175
Prohens J, Nuez F (2001) The Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea): A review of a promising small fruit crop. Small Fruits Rev 1:43–68
Rai N, Asati BS, Patel RK, Patel KK, Yadav DS (2005) Underutilized horticultural crops of northeast region. ENVIS Bulletin: Himalayan Ecol 13:1–11
Sathya A, Siddhuraju P (2015) Effect of processing methods on compositional evaluation of underutilized legume, Parkia roxburghii G. Don (Yongchak) seeds. J Food Sci Technol 52(10):6157–6169
Schenck NC, Perez Y (1990) Manual for the identification of VA mycorrhizal fungi. Synergistic Publications, Gainesville
Sehgal JL, Sen TK, Chamuah GS, Singh RS, Nayak DC, Saxena RK, Baruah U, Maji UK (1993) Soils of Manipur for land use planning. National bureau of soil survey and land use planning, Nagpur
Selvakumar G, Kim K, Walitang D, Chanratana M, Kang Y, Chung B, Sa T (2016) Trap culture technique for propagation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi using different host plants. Korean J Soil Sci Fert 49:608–613
Sharma B, Jha DK (2014) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal association in some commonly occurring economically important plants of Kaziranga National Park Assam, India. Ind Phytopathol 67:243–251 ()
Sheikh Y, Maibam BC, Talukdar NC, Deka DC, Borah JC (2016) In vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic and hepatoprotective effects of edible pods of Parkia roxburghii and quantification of active constituent by HPLC-PDA. J Ethnopharmacol 191:21–28
Smith SE, Read DJ (2008) Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic Press, San Diego
Songachan LS, Kayang H (2012) Diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Solanum species growing in natural condition. Agric Res 1:258–264
Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY, O’Donnell K, Roberson RW, Taylor TN, Uehling J, Vilgalys R, White MM, Stajich JE (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046
Sreevani A, Reddy BN (2004) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) as influenced by soil physico-chemical properties. Philipp J Sci 133:115–129
Surendirakumar K, Pandey RR, Muthukumar T (2019) Influence of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and bacterial bioinoculants on growth and yield of Capsicum chinense cultivated in non-sterilized soil. The J Agric Sci 157:31–44
Thangjam R (2016) Biotechnological applications for characterization, mass production and improvement of a nonconventional tree legume (Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr.). In: Anis M, Ahmad N (eds) Plant tissue culture: propagation, conservation and crop improvement. Springer science, Singapore, pp 83–99
Thangjam R, Maibam MD (2012) Sulphur free radical reactivity of thioproline and crude extracts of Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. Environ Eng Res 17:9–13
Thongbam PD, Shakuntala I, Fiyaz AR, Moirangthem SS, Pajat JJ, Ngachan SV (2012) Tree bean (Parkia roxburghii G.Don): a complete food and ethno-medicine for North East India. In: Research Bulletin NO.77. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region. Umiam-793103, Meghalaya
Tibbett M, Ryan MH, Barker SJ, Chen Y, Denton MD, Tibbett TE, Walker C (2008) The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizas of selected Australian Fabaceae. Plant Biosyst 142:420–427
Tomlinson H, Teklehaimanot Z, Traore´ A, Olapade E (1995) Soil amelioration and root symbioses of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. in West Africa. Agrofor Syst 30:145–159
Vályi K, Rillig MC, Hempel S (2015) Land-use intensity and host plant identity interactively shape communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots of grassland plants. New Phytol 205:1577–1586
van der Heijden MGA, Bardgett RD, Straalen NM (2008) The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecol Lett 11:296–310
Viera W, Campaña D, Lastra A, Vásquez W, Viteri P, Sotomayor A (2017) Native mycorrhizae and their effect on two tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) rootstocks. Bioagro 29:105–114
Walkley A, Black IA (1934) An examination of the Det Jareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37:29–38
Wężowicz K, Rozpądek P, Turnau K (2017) Interactions of arbuscular mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi improve seedling survival and growth in post-mining waste. Mycorrhiza 27:499–511
The authors thankfully acknowledge the financial support received from ICAR-AMAAS Coordination Unit (ICAR/NBAIM/AMAAS/2017-20/GF/1a/531), Government of India, to carry out this research work.