Biology and Biotechnology of Papaya, an important fruit crop of tropics: A Review

, ,


Review Article | Published:

Print ISSN : 0970-4078.
Online ISSN : 2229-4473.
Website:www.vegetosindia.org
Pub Email: contact@vegetosindia.org
Doi: 10.5958/2229- 4473.2018.00086.1
First Page: 1
Last Page: 15
Views: 1250


Keywords: Carica papaya, biology, genetic improvement, in vitro culture, genomics


Abstract


Papaya (Carica papaya) is a popular and economically important fruit tree of tropics and subtropics. It is consumed world wide as fresh fruit, as vegetable and also have processing value. However, Papaya is now attracting interest in the global market due to active chemical extract from its leaves to cure dengue fever. Lipase as digestive enzyme and used in industrial preparation for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food products. This review highlighted the basic biology, genetics, propagation, conservation, genetic improvement via transformation, and sex linked marker identification for improvement in Carica papaya. The study of genetics and genomics also provides the trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes which are the basic for trait identification, modification and regulation essentially needed for commercial production with high economic return.

Carica papaya, biology, genetic improvement, in vitro culture, genomics


*Get Access

(*Only SPR Life Members can get full access.)

Advertisement

References


Adebowale A, Garnesan AP and Prasad RNV (2002) Papaya (Carica papaya) consumption isunsafe in pregnancy: Fact or fable? Scientific evaluation of a common belief in some parts of Asia using a rat model. British J Nutr 88: 199-203

Adsour J (1950). Studies on virus disease of papaya {Carica papaya) in Puerto Rico. IV. Preliminary studies on the host range of papaya mosaic. Univ.Puerto Rico. Tech. Papes No. 5

Adsour J (1956) Transmission of cucumber mosaic (Cucumber virus9) found in Puerto Rico to Carica papaya. J Agric Univ Puerto 40: 126- 127.

Allan P (1995) Propagation of ‘Honey Gold’ papayas by cuttings .Acta Hort 370: 99-102

Allan P and Carlson C (2007) Progress and problems in rooting clonal Carica papaya cuttings. ,The South African J Plant Soil  24: 22-25

Allan P and MacMillan CN (1991) Advances in propagation of Carica papaya L. cv. Honey Gold cuttings.Journal of the South African Soc Hort Sci 1: 69-72

Allen P (1976) Out of season production of pawpaws (Carica papayaL.) in cool subtropical areas. Acta Hort 57: 97-103

Arumuganathan K and Earle ED (1991) Nuclear DNA Content of Some Important Plant Species. Plant Mol Biol Rep 93: 208-219.

Aquilizan FA (1987) Breeding systems for fixing stable papaya inbred lines with breeding potential for hybrid variety production. FFTC Book Series 35: 101-106

Araujo MMM, Tavares ET, Silva FR, Marinho VLA, Souza Jr, MT(2007) Molecular detection of Papaya meleira virus in the latex of Carica papaya by RT-PCR. J Virol Meth 146: 305-310

 Azarkan M, Dibiani R, Goormaghtigh E, Raussens V and Baeyens-Volant D (2006) The papaya Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor is a highly stable sheet glycoprotein.  Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins Proteom 1764: 1063-1072

 Azimi  M, O’Brien C, Ashmore S and Drew R (2005) Cryopreservation of papaya  germplasm. Acta Hort 692: 43-50

 Badillo VM  (2002) Nota corrective Vasconcella St. Hill.y no Vasconcella ( Caricaceae). Ernstia 11: 75-76

Barbosa  FR and Paguio OR (1982) Papaya ring spot virus, incidence and yield loss in Papaya. Fitopatologia Brassileira  7: 365-373

Bayot RG, Villegas VN, Magdalita PM, Jovellana MD, Espino TM,   Ex-conde SB (1990) Seed transmissibility of Papaya ringspot virus. Philipines. J Crop Sci 15: 107-111

Bhattacharya J and Khuspe SS (2001) 2,4,5-T induced somatic embryogenesis in papaya (Carica papaya L.). J Appl Hort 2: 84-87

Blanco C, Ortega N, Castillo R, Alvarez M, Dumpierrez A and Carrillo T (1998)Carica papaya pollenallergy.  Ann Aller Asthma  Immun 81: 171-175

Bolsen KK, Young MA, Wistuba T, Seifers MK, Turner JE, Hulk GL and Pope RV (1999) Effect of Processing whole plant maize silage on growth, performance and nutrient digestibility in feedlot cattle. Proc XII Intl Silage Conf July 5-7, Uppsala 216.

Burkill IH (1966) A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula (2nd Edn), Malay Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Kuala Lumpur

Camarco RFEA,  Lima JAA and Pio- Ribeiro (1998). Transmission and presence in the soil of Papaya lethal yellowing virus. Fitopatol Bras 23: 453- 458.

Castillo B, Smith MAL and Madhavi DL (1997) Interactions of irradiance level and iron chelate source during shoot tip culture of Carica papaya L.  Hort Sci 32: 1120-1123

Castillo B, Smith MAL and Madhavi DL (1997) Interactions of irradiance level and iron chelate source during shoot tip culture of Carica papaya L.  Hort Sci 32: 1120-1123

Castillo B, Smith MAL and Yafava UL  (1998a) Liquid system scale-up of Carica papaya L. somatic embryogenesis. J Hort Sci Biotech 73: 307-311

Castillo B, Smith MAL and Yafava UL (1998b) Plant regeneration from encapsulated somatic embryos of Carica papaya L. Plant Cell Rep 17: 172-176

Chan H.T, Tang C.S (1979) The chemistry and biochemistry of papaya. In: Inglett GE, Charolambous G (Eds) Tropical Foods (Vol I), Academic Press, New York

Chan LK (1996) Characterization of papaya (Carica papayaL.) varieties and in vitro culture for increasing productivity and short term tissue storage. PhD Thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia Publ., Penang, Malaysia. Pp 124.

Chan LK and Teo CKH (2002) Micropropagation of Eksotika, a Malaysia papaya cultivar, and the field performance of the tissue culture derived clones.  Acta Hort 575: 99-105

Chan LK and Teo CKH (2002) Micropropagation of Eksotika, a Malaysia papaya cultivar, and the field performance of the tissue culture derived clones.  Acta Hort 575: 99-105 

Chan LK and Teo CKH (1993a) In vitro production of multiple shoots in papaya as affected by plant tissue maturity and genotype. MARDI Res J 2: 105-111

Chan LK and Teo CKH (1993b) Antibiotic treatment and sucrose incubation for an effective surface sterilization procedure for papaya explants. J Biosci 4: 35-39

Chay Prove P, Ross P, O’Hare P, Macleod N, Kernot I, Evans D, Grice K, Vawdrey L, Richards N, Blair A and Astridge D (2000) Agrilink Series: Your Growing Guide to Better Farming. Papaw Information Kit. Queensland Horticulture Institute and Department of Primary Industries, Qld, Nambour, Queensland.

Chen MH, Wang PJ and Maeda E (1987) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Carica papaya L. tissue culture derived from root explants. Plant Cell Rep 6: 348-351

Cieferri R (1930) Phytopathological survey 1925-1929. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico14: 5-44

Consoli L, Gaziola SA and Vieira MC (1995) Plant transformation mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes: Optimization of infection process. Brazilian J Genet 18 (1) : 115-119

Conover RA (1962). Virus diseases of papaya in Florida. Phytopath 52: 6.

Conover RA (1964). Mild mosaic and faint mottle ringspot, two papaya virus diseases of minor importance in Florida. Proc Flo State Hort Soc 17: 444 - 448.

Cook AA (1975) Diseases of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits and Nuts, New York, Hafner Press, 317 pp Cook MT(1931) New virus diseases of plants. J Agric Univ Puerto Rico15: 193-195

 Cook AA and Zettler FW (1970). Susceptibility of papaya cultivars to Papaya ringspot and Papaya mosaic viruses. Plant Dis Rept 54: 893- 895.

Cumagun CJR and Padilla CL (2007) First report of Asperisporium caricae causing black spot of papaya in the Philippines. Australian Plant Dis Notes 2: 89-90

Davis MJ (1994) Bunchy top. Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases, Maerican Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Pp 69-70

Departmentt of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Government.http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/horticulture/ 5334.

htm  Pp 6.

Deputy JC, Ming R, Liu H, Ma Z, Fitch MMM, Wang M, Manshardt R and Stiles JI (2002) Molecular markers for sex determination in papaya (Carica papaya L.). Theor Appl Genet 106: 107-111

Drew RA (1988) Rapid clonal propagation of papaya in vitro from mature field grown trees.  HortSci 23: 609-611

Drew RA (1992) Improved techniques for in vitro and germplasm storage of  papaya.  HortSci  27: 1122-1124

Drew RA, O’Brien CM and Magdalita PM (1998) Development of interspecific Carica hybrids.  Acta Hort  461: 285-292

Drew RA and Smith NG  (1986) Growth of apical and lateral buds of pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) as affected by nutritional and hormonal factors. J Hort Sci 61: 535-543

El Borai FE and Duncan LW (2005) Nematode parasites of subtropical and tropical fruit tree crops. In: Luc M, Sikora RA, Bridge J (Eds) Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtripocal and Tropical Agriculture, CAB International, UK. Pp 467-492

Ellis RH, Hong TD and Roberts EH (1991) Effect of storage temperature and moisture on the germination of papaya seeds. Seed Sci Res 1: 69-72

Emeruwa AC (1982) Anti bacterial substance from Carica papaya fruit extract.  J Nat Prod 45: 123-127

 EPPO  (2005) PQR Database (version 4.4). European and Mediterranean and Plant Protection Organization, Paris. www.eppo.org

Farias LR, Costa FT, Souza LA, Pelegrini PB, Grossi-de-Sa MF, Neto Jr. SM, Bloch C, Laumann RA, Noronha EF and Franco OL(2007) Isolation of  a novel Carica papaya amylase inhibitor with deleterious activity toward  Callosobruchus maculates . Pesticide Biochem Physiol 87: 255-260

Fermin G and Gonsalves D (2003) Papaya: Engineering resistance against Papaya  ringspot virus  by native, chimeric and synthetic transgenes , Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries , Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Pp 497-518

Ferreira SA, Pitz KY, Manshardat R, Zee F, Fitch M and Gonslaves D (2007) Virus coat protein transgenic papaya provides practical control of  ring spot virus in Hawaii. Plant Dis 86: 101-105

Fitch M (1993) High-frequency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from papaya hypocotyl callus. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 32: 205-212

Fitch M and Manshardt R (1990) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration  from immature zygotic embryos of papaya (Carica papaya L.). Plant Cell Rep 9: 320-324

Fitch M, Manshardt R, Gonsalves D, Slightom J and Sanford J (1992) Virus resistant papaya plants derived from tissues bombarded with the coat protein gene of Papaya ringspot virus. BioTechnol 10: 1466-1472

Fitch M, Manshardt R, Gonsalves D, Slightom J and Sanford J (1992) Virus resistant papaya plants derived from tissues bombarded with the coat protein gene of Papaya ringspot virus. BioTechnol 10: 1466-1472

Fitch MMM, Moore P, Drew RA and Leong T (1998) Progress in transgenic papaya (Carica papaya) research: Transformation for broader resistance among cultivars and micropropagating selected hybrid transgenic plants. Acta Hort 461: 315-319

Gangopadhyay G, Roy SK, Ghose K, Poddar R, Bandyopadhyay T, Basu D and Mukherjee KK  (2007) Sex detection of Carica papaya and Cycas circinalis. Tree Forest Sci Biotech 1(1): 47-73

Garrett A (1995) The pollination biology of papaw (Carica papayaL.) in Central Queensland. PhD Thesis, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton. Pp  125.

Gibb KS, Schneider B and Padovan AC (1998) Differential detection and genetic relatedness of phytoplasmas in papaya. Plant Path 47: 325-332

Giordani R, Siepai O.M (1991) Antifungal action of Carica papaya latex isolation of fungal cell wall hydrolyzing enzymes. Mycoses 34: 469-477

Giovanni CB and Victor N (2007) A SCAR marker for the sex types determination in Colombian genotypes of Carica papaya. Euphytica 153: 215-220

Gonsalves D (1998) Control of Papaya ringspot virus in papaya: A case study. Ann Rev Phytopath 36: 415-437

 Gonsalves D (1998) Control of Papaya ringspot virus in papaya: A case study. Ann Rev Phytopath 36: 415-437

Gonsalves D (1994) Papaya ringspot virus. In: Ploetz RC, Zentmyer GA, Nishijima WT, Rohrbach KG, Ohr HD (Eds) Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases, APS Press, St. Paul, MN. Pp 67-68

Gonsalves D and Trijullo EE (1986). Tomato spotted wilt virus in papaya and detection of the virus ELISA. Plant Dis 70: 501- 506.

Hewitt HH, Whittle S, Lopez SA, Bailey EY and Weaver SR (2000) Topical uses of papaya in chronic skin ulcer therapy in Jamaica. West Ind Med J 49(1): 32-33

Hofmeyr JDJ (1939) Sex reversal in Carica papaya L. South Afr J Sci 36, 286-287

Hofmeyr JDJ (1938) Genetic studies of Carica papaya L. South Afr J Sci 35 , 300-304

Hofmeyr JDJ (1967) Some genetic and breeding aspects of Carica papaya L. Agron Trop 17, 345-351

Horticulture Statistics at a Glance (2015) Horticulture Statistics Division Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare , Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Government of India.

Huet J, Looze Y, Bartik K, Raussens V, Wintjens R and Boussard P (2006) Structural characterization of the papaya cysteine proteinases at low pH. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 341: 620-626

Jang EE and Nishijima KA(1990) Identification and attractancy of bacteria associated with  Dacus dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Environ Entomol 19: 1726-1731

Jensen D (1949) Papaya disease with special reference to Papaya ringspot virus. Phytopath 39: 191-211

Jindal KK and Singh RN (1976) Modification of lowering pattern and sex expression in Carica papaya by morphactin, ethephon and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie 7: 403-410

Jobin-Decor MP, Graham GC, Henry RJ and Drew RA (1996) RAPD and isozyme analysis of genetic relationships between Carica papaya and wild relatives. Genetic Res Crop Evol 44: 1-7

Kataoka I and Inoue H (1991) Rooting of tissue cultured papaya shoots under ex vitro conditions. Japanese J Trop Agric 35: 127-129

 Kawano S and Yonaha T (1992). The occurrence of papaya leaf distortion mosaic in Okinawa. FFTC. Tech Bull 132: 13-23.

Kim MS, Moore PH, Zee F, Fitch MM, Steiger DL, Manshardt RM, Paull RE, Drew RA, Sekioka T and Ming R(2002) Genetic and molecular characterization of Carica papaya L.  Genome 45: 503-512

Kiranmai G, Hema M and Srinivasulu P (1998) Identification of a vims causing leaf distortion in papaya in Andhra Pradesh as cucumber mosaic, cucumoviras. Indian Phytopath 51: 130-135.

Kitajima EW, Rodrigues C, Silveira J, Alves F, Ventura J.A, Aragao F.J.L and Oliveira LHR (1993) Association of isometric virus like particles, restricted to laticifers, with meleira (sticky disease) of papaya (Carica papaya). Fitopatologia Brasileira 8 : 118-122

Knight RJ (1980) Origin and world importance of tropical and subtropical fruit crops. In: Nazy S, Shaun SE (Eds) Tropical and Subtropical Fruits: Composition, Properties and Uses, AVI Publishing, Connecticut, USA. Pp 1-120

 Koenning SR, Overstreet C, Noling JW, Donald PA, Becker JO and Fortnum  PA  (1999) Survey of crop losses in response to phytoparasitic nematodes in  the United States for 1994.  J Nemat  31: 587-618

Kumar LSS and Srinivasan VK (1944) Chromosome number of  Carica dodecaphylla Vell. Fl. Flum. Current Sci 13 ,15

Lai CC, Yu TA, Yeh SD and Yang JS  (1998) Enhancement of  in vitro growth of  papaya multishoots by aeration.  Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 53: 221-225

Lange AH  (1961) Factors affecting sex changes in the flowers of  Carica  papaya L.  Journal of the American Society for Horticult Sci 77: 252-264

Lastra R and Quintero E (1981) Papaya apical necrosis, a new disease associated with a rhabdovirus.  Plant Dis 65: 439-440

Lima RCA, Souza Jr. MT, Pio Ribeiro G and Lima JAA  (2002) Sequences of the  coat protein gene from Brazilian isolates of  Papaya ringspot virus .  Fitopatologia Brasileira 27: 174-180

Lin CM and Yang JS (2001) Papaya somatic embryo induction from fruit bearing field plants: Effects of root supporting material and position of the rooting explants.  Acta Hort  560: 489-492

 Kitajima EW, Rodrigues CH, Silveira JS, Alves F, Ventura JA, Argao FJL and Oliveira LHR (1993). Association of isometric vims like particles restricted to laticifers with meleira (Sticky disease) of papaya {Carica papaya). Fitopatol Bras 18: 118-122.

Lima R, Lima J, Souza Jr. M, Pio-Ribeiro G and Andrade G (2001) Etiologia e estrategias de controle de viroses do mamoeiro no Brasil. Fitopatologia Brasileira 26: 689-702,

Litz RE (1984) Papaya. In: Sharp WR, Evans DA, Ammirato PV, Yamada Y (Eds) Handbook of Plant Cell Culture (Vol 2) MacMillan Publishing Co., NY. Pp 349-368

Litz RE and Conover RA (1977) Tissue culture propagation of papaya. Proceedings of the Florida State Hort Soc 90: 245-246

 Litz RE and Conover RA (1978a) In vitro propagation of papaya. HortSci 13: 241-242

Litz RE and Conover RA (1979)  In vitro improvement of Carica papaya L.. Proc Tropical Region of the American Society for Horticultural Society 23: 157-159

 Litz RE and Conover RA (1983) High frequency somatic embryogenesis from Carica suspension cultures. Ann Bot 51: 683-686

Liu Z, Moore PH, Ma H, Ackerman CM, Ragiba M, Yu Q, Pearl HM, Kim  MS, Charlton JW, Stiles J, Zee FT, Paterson AH and Ming R  (2004) A primitive Y chromosome in papaya marks incipient sex chromosome evolution. Nature 427: 348-352

Liu Z, Moore PH, Ma H, Ackerman CM, Ragiba M, Yu Q, Pearl HM, Kim  MS, Charlton JW, Stiles J, Zee FT, Paterson AH and Ming R  (2004) A primitive Y chromosome in papaya marks incipient sex chromosome evolution. Nature 427: 348-352

 Loreto T, Vital A and Rezende J ( 1983) Occorrencia de um amarelo lethal do mamoeira solo no esado de pernambuco. O Biologica 49: 275-279

 Ma H, Moore PH, Liu Z, Kim MS, Yu Q, Fitch MMM, Sekioka T, Paterson AH and Ming R  (2004) High-density linkage mapping revealed suppression of recombination at the sex determination locus in papaya. Genetics 166: 419-436

Maciel-Zambolin E, Kunieda-Alonso S, Matsuoka K, de Carvalho M, Zerbini F (2003) Purification and some properties of Papaya meleira virus, a novel virus infecting papayas. Brazilian J Plant Path 52: 389-394

Madrigal LS, Ortiz AN, Cooke RD and Fernandez RH(1980) The dependence  of crude papain yields on different collection (‘tapping’) procedures for papaya latex. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture31, 279-285

Magdalita PM, Godwin ID, Drew RA, Adkins SW (1997) Effect of ethylene and culture environment on development of papaya nodal cultures. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult 49:93-100

Magdalita PM, Laurena AC, Yabut-Perez BM, Botella JR, Tecson-Men-doza EM, Villegas VN

Mansfield LE and Bowers CH (1983) Systemic reaction to papain in a nonoccupational setting.  J Aller Clinical Immun 71: 371-374

Magdalita PM, Laurena AC, Yabut-Perez BM, Botella JR, Tecson-Men-doza EM and Villegas VN (2002) Progress in the development of transgenic papaya: Transformation of Solo papaya using acc synthase antisense construct. Acta Hort 575: 171-176

Manshardt RM (1992) Papaya. Biotechnology in Agriculture No.8.Biotechnology of Perennial Fruit Crops, CABI, Wallingford. Pp 489-511

Mario E, Carbello O and Izaguirre-Meycoral (1975). Properties of a previously under scribed filamentous virus infected papaya in Venezuela. Arch Virol 140: 891- 898

 Maria PDD (2006), Carica papaya Lipase; an emerging and versatile biocatalyst, Biotechnol Adv 24( 5): 493-499

Mario E, Carballo O and Izaguirre MML (2000) Occurrence and relative incidence of viruses infecting papaya in Venezuela. Ann Appl Biol 136: 121-124

 Mclean DM and Olson EO (1962). Symptoms of Tobacco ringspot virus on papaya. Plant Disease Rep 46: 882.

McMillan RTJ, Tennant P and Gonsalves D (1994). Reoccurrence of Papaya mosaic potexvirus in Florida. Proc Florida State Hort Soc 106: 146-147.

Ming R, Yu Q-Y and Moore PH (2007) Sex determination in papaya. Sem Cell Develop Biol 18: 401-408

Mondal M, Gupta S and Mukherjee BB (1990) In vitro propagation of shoot buds  of  Carica papayaL. (Caricaceae) var. Honey Dew. Plant Cell Rep 8:  609-612

Monmarson S, Michaux FN and Teisson C (1995) Production of high frequency embryogenic calli from integuments of immature seeds of  Carica papaya L.  J Hort Sci 70: 57-64

Morton JF (1987) Papaya. Fruits of Warm Climates, Creative Resource Systems, Inc., Miami, FL. Pp 336-346

Mosella CL and Iligaray AR (1985)  In vitro tissue culture as a tool for plant research and propagation. III. Responses of pawpaw ( Carica pubescens Lenne  and Koch) to  in vitro culture.  Simiente 55: 63-67

Mossler MA and Nesheim ON  (2002) Florida Crop Pest Management Profile.  Papaya 352: 392-4721

Nadeem A, Mehmood T, Khalid S and Xiong Z (1997). First report of papaya leaf curl disease in Pakistan. Plant Dis 81:133.

Nagao MA and Furutani SC (1986) Improving germination of papaya seed by density separation, potassium nitrate, and gibberellic acid. Scientia Hort 31: 1439-1440

Nakamura Y, Yoshimoto M, Murata Y, Shimoishi Y, Asai Y, Park EY, Sato K and Nakamura Y  (2007) Papaya seed represents a rich source of biologically active isothiocyanate. J Agric Food Chem 55, 4407-4413

Nakasone HY and Paull RE (1998) Tropical Fruits, CAB International, Oxon. Pp  239-269 

Nariani TK (1956). Leaf curl of papaya. Indian Phytopath 9: 151-157.

Neupane KR, Mukatira UT, Kato C and Stiles JI (1998) Cloning and characterization of fruit expressed ACC synthase and ACC oxidase from papaya (Carica papaya L.). Acta Hort 461: 329-337

Nishijima W (1994) Papaya. Compendium of Tropical Fruit Disease , American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Pp 54-70

Nishina M, Zee F, Ebesu R, Arakaki A, Hamasaki R, Fuduka S, Nagata N, Chia CL, Nishijima W, Mau R and Uchida R (2000) Papaya production in Hawaii. In: Fruits and Nuts, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawaii, Manao. F&N-3. Pp 1-8 

Noe-Becerra E, Cardenas E, Lozoya M and Mosquedo R (1999). Rhabdovirus in papaya (Carica papaya) in the Southeast of Mexico. Agronomia Meroamericana 10(2): 85- 90.

OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) (2003).  Draft Consensus Document on the Biology of  Carica papaya (L.) (Papaya).  Report No. 5 Feb. 2003, OECD, France. Pp 18.

Okeniyi JA, Ogunlesi TA, Oyelami OA and Adeyemi LA (2007) Effectiveness of  dried Carica papaya seeds against human intestinal parasitosis: A pilot study.  J Med Food  10: 194-196

Pang SZ and Sanford JC (1988) Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in papaya. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 113: 287-291

Parasnis AS, Gupta V.S, Tamhankar S.A, Ranjekar P.K (2000) A highly reliable sex diagnostic PCR assay for mass screening of papaya seedlings. Molecular Breeding, 6: 337-344

Perez A, Reyes MN and Cuevas J (1980) Germination of two papaya varieties: effect of seedaeration, K-treatment, remoal and sarcotesta, high temperature, soaking in distilled water, and age of seed. J Agric, University of Puerto Rico 64: 173-180

Persley DM (2003) Papayas: virus and virus like diseases. Agency for Food and Fibre Sciences.Queensland Government. (http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/horticulture/5334.htm,pp.6.

Purcifull DE, Edwardson JR, Hiebert E and Gonsalves D (1984) Papaya ringspot virus. In: Coronel RE (Ed) CMI/AAB Description of Plant Viruses, no. 292. (Vol 2), Wageningen University, The Netherlands. Pp 8.

Pureifull DE, Edwardson J, Hiebert E and Gonsalves D (1984). Papaya ringspot vims CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses No. 292.

Purseglove JW(1968) Caricaceae. In: Tropical Crops Dicotyledons (Vol. I), Longmans, Green and Co., Bristol. Pp 45-51

Quimio TH (1976) Pathogenicity and cultural characteristics of Fusarium solani from papaya. Kalikasan Philippine J Biol 5: 241-250

Rajeevan MS and Pandey RM (1983) Propagation of papaya through tissue culture. Acta Hort 131: 131-139

Ray PK (2002)  Breeding Tropical and Subtropical Fruits , Narosa Publishing  House, New Delhi. Pp 106-128

Reed CF (1976) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Carica_papaya.html 

Reiger M (2006) Papaya (Carica papaya ). In: Rieger M (Eds)  Introduction to  Fruit Crops , Haworth Food & Agricultural Products Press, NY. Pp 301-310

Reuveni O and Schlesinger DR  (1990) Rapid vegetative propagation of papaya plants by cuttings.  Acta Hort 275: 301-306

Flores Revilla, C., Garcia, E., Nieto Angel, D., Téliz Ortiz, D. and Villanueva Jiménez, J.A. (1995) Integrated management of papaya in Mexico. Acta Hortic. 370: 151-158

Reyes M.N, Perez A and Cuevas J (1980) Detecting endogenous growth regulators  on the sarcotesta, endosperm, and embryo by paper chromatography on fresh and old seeds of two papaya varieties.  J Agric Univ of Puerto Rico 64: 164-172

 Rezende JAM and Costa AS (1986). Reaction of papaya varieties to 13  potyviruses. Summa Phytopath 12: 187- 194.

Rimberia FK, Adaniya S, Ishimine Y and Etoh T (2007) Morphology of papaya plants derived via anther culture. Scientia Hort 111: 213-219

Rodriguez AG, Fernandez PSP, Geraldo VJA and Landa HL (2001)  Pythium aphanidermatum causing collar rot on papaya in Baja California Sur, Mexico.  Plant Dis 85: 444

Rodriguez MC and Galán V (1995) Preliminary study of paclobutrazol (PP333) effects on greenhouse papaya (Carica papaya l.) in the Canary Islands.  Acta  Hort 370: 167-172

Rodrigues CH, Alves FL and Marin SLD (1989 a). Occurrence and symptoms of “Meleira” in papaya (Carica papaya L.) in the Espirito Santo State, Brazil. Fitopatol Bras 14: 118

Sagona MA, Bruszer GV, Lin L, Pearson FC, Serkes K and Mascoli CC (1985)  Evaluation of papain/chymopapain cross allergenicity. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Imm 76: 776-781

Sakuanrungsirikul S, Sarindu N, Prasartsee V, Chaikiatiyos S, Siriyan R,  Sriwatanakul M, Lekananon P, Kitprasert C, Boonsong P, Kosiyachinda P, Fermin G and Gonsalves D (2005) Update on the development of virus resistant papaya: Virus resistant transgenic papaya for people in rural communities of Thailand.  Food Nutr Bull 26: 422-426

Samson JA  (1986) Mango, avocado and papaya. In:  Tropical Fruits, Longman  Scientific Inc., New York. Pp 185-221

Scheldeman X, van Damme P, Romero Motoche JP (2002) Highland papayas in southern Ecuador: Need for conservation actions. Acta Hort 575: 199-205

Schneider B, Cousin MT, Klinkong S and Seemuller E (1995)Taxonomic relatedness and phylogenetic positions of phytoplasmas associated with diseases of faba bean, sunhemp, sesame, soybean, and eggplant. Plant Disease Protect 102: 225-232

Sharma VC and Ogbeide ON (1982) Pawpaw as a renewable energy resource for the production of alcohol fuels. Energy 7 (10): 871-873

Sharon D, Hillel J, Vainstein A and Lavi U (1992) Application of DNA fingerprints for identification and genetic analysis of Carica papaya  and other Carica species.  Euphytica 62: 119-126

 Siddique ABM, Guthrie JN, Walsh KB, White DT and Scott PT (1998), Histopathology and within plant distribution of the phytoplasma associated with Australian papaya dieback. Plant Dis 82: 1112-1120.

Silva AMR (2001) Caracterizacao do genoma do Papaya Lethal Yellowing Virus e estudo da regulacao genica do Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus. PhD Thesis, University de Brasilia, Brazil. Pp 132.

Simmonds JH (1965) Papaw diseases. Queensland Agric J 91: 666- 667

Singh ID and Sirohi SC (1977) Breeding new varieties of papaya in India. In: Nijjar GJ (Ed) Fruit Breeding in India: Symposium of Fruit Crop Improvement, Oxford & IBH Publishers, New Delhi. Pp 187-192

Smith FEV (1929) Plant diseases in Jamaica in 1928. Annual report of the Department of Science and Agriculture of Jamaicafor 1928. Governement  Printing Office, Kingston, Jamaica. Pp 19

Sookmark S and Tai EA ( 1975). Vegetative propagation of papaya by budding, Acta Hortic 49: 85-90

Somsri S, Fletcher RJ, Jobin M, Drew R, Lawson W and Graham MW (1998) Developing molecular markers for sex prediction in papaya (Carica papaya L.).  Acta Hort 461: 141-148

Sondur SN, Manshardt RM and Stiles JI (1996) A genetic map of papaya based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Theor Appl Genet 93: 547-553

 Souza Jr MT, Venturoli MF, Coelho MCF and Rech Filho EL (2001) Analysis  of marker gene/selective agent systems alternatives to positive selection of  transgenic papaya ( Carica papaya L.) somatic embryos.  Revista Brasileira  de Fisiologia Vegetal 13: 365-372

 Starley IF (1999) The treatment of paediatric burns using topical papaya. Burns 25: 636-639.

Stiles JI, Lemme C, Sondur S, Morshidi MB and Manshardt R (1993) Using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA for evaluating genetic relationships among papaya cultivars. Theor Appl Genet 85: 697-701

Storey WB (1938) Segregations of sex types in Solo papaya and their application to the selection of seed. Proc Amer Soc  Hort Sci 35: 83-85

Storey WB (1953) Genetics of papaya. J Hered 44: 70-78

Storey WB (1976) Papaya. In: Simmonds NW (Ed) Evolution of Crop Plants, Longman Inc., New York. Pp 21-24

Storey WB (1985) Carica papaya. In: Halevy A. H (Eds) CRC Handbook of Flowering (Vol II), CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida

Tavares ET, Tatagiba JS, Ventura JA, Souza Jr MT (2004) Two new systems of early diagnosis of papaya sticky disease. Fitopatologia Brasileira 29: 563-566

Tennant PF, Ahmad MH and Gonsalves D (2005) Field resistance of coat protein transgenic papaya to Papaya ringspot virus in Jamaica. Plant Disease 89, 841-847

Teixeira de Silva IA, Rashid Z, Tan Nhut D, Sivakumar D, Gera A, Souza Jr MT and Tennant F (2007) Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Biology & Biotechnology. In: Tree & Forestry Science & Biotechnology. Global Science Books publishers, pp 1-73.

Trujillo EE and Gonsalves D (1967). Tomato spotted wilt in papaya. Phytopath 57: 9.

Urasaki N, Tokumoto M, Tarora K, Ban Y, Kayano T, Tanaka H, Oku H, Chinen I and Terauchi R (2002a) A male and hermaphrodite specific RAPD marker for papaya (Carica papayaL.). Theor Appl Genet 104: 281-285

Urasaki N, Tarora K, Uehara T, Chinen I, Terauchi R and Tokumoto M  (2002b) Rapid and highly reliable sex-diagnostic PCR assay for papaya (Carica papaya L.). Breed Sci  52: 333-335

Ventura JA, Costa H and da Silva Tatagiba J (2004)Papaya diseases and integrated control. In: Naqvi SAMH (Ed) Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables (Vol II), Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. Pp 201-268

Naqvi SAMH (Ed) Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables(Vol II), Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. Pp 201-268

Vidal CA, Nascimento AS, Barbosa CJ, Marques OM, Habibe TC (2001) Experimental transmission of “sticky disease” of papaya by Bemisa argentifolii Bellows & Perring. In: Internatl Cong  Entomol 2000, Abstract Book 2. Pp 819

Yahiro M (1979) Effects of seed-pretreatment on the promotion of germination in papaya, Carica papaya L. Memoirs of the Fac Agric, Kagoshima Univ 15: 49-54

Yahiro M and Oryoji Y (1980) Effects of gibberellin and cytokinin treatments on  the promotion of germination in papaya,  Carica papaya L., seeds. Mem  Fac Agric, Kagoshima Univ 16: 45-51

Yahiro M and Yoshitaka H (1982) Growth inhibitors in papaya ( Carica papaya L.)  seeds.   Acta Hort  26: 63-67

Yamamoto H and Tabata M  (1989) Correlation of papain-like enzyme production with laticifer formation in somatic embryos of papaya.  Plant Cell Rep 8: 251-254

Yang JS, Yu TA, Cheng YH and Yeh SD (1996) Transgenic papaya plants from Agrobacterium mediated transformation of petioles of in vitro propagated multishoots. Plant Cell Rep 15: 459-464

Yeh SD and Gonsalves D (1984) Evaluation of induced mutants of Papaya ringspot virus for control by cross protection. Phytopath 74: 1086-1091

Yie S and Liaw SI  (1977) Plant regeneration from shoot tips and callus of papaya.  In vitro 13: 564-567

Yu Q, Hou S, Hobza R, Feltus F.A, Wang X, Jin W, Skelton RL, Blas A,  Lemke C, Saw JH, Moore PH, Alam M, Jiang J, Paterson A.H, Vyskot B and  Ming R  (2007) Chromosomal location and gene paucity of the male specific  region on papaya Y chromosome.  Molecular Genetics and Genomics 278: 177-185

Zettler FW and Wan SH (1994) Papaya droopy necrosis and papaya apical necrosis. In: Ploetz RC, Zentmyer G.A, Nishijima WT, Rohrbach KG, Ohr HD (Eds) Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases, APS Press, St. Paul, MN. Pp 66-67.

Zhu YJ, Agbayani R, Jackson MC, Tang CS and Moore PH (2004) Expression of the grapevine stilbene synthase gene VST1 in papaya provides increased resistance against diseases caused by  Phytophthora palmivora. Planta  220: 241-250

Zhu YJ, Agbayani R, McCafferty H, Albert H and Moore PH  (2005) Effective  selection of transgenic papaya plants with the PMI/Man selection system.  Plant Cell Rep 24: 426- 432

Zhu YJ, Agbayani R and Moore PH  (2004a) Green fluorescent protein as a visual selection marker for papaya (Carica papaya L.) transformation. Plant Cell Rep  22: 660-667

Zhu YJ, Ferreira S, Fitch MMM and Moore PH (2002) Benzothiadiazole (BTH) activates systemic acquired resistance (SAR) responses in papaya to reduce disease symptoms of seedlings inoculated with Phytophthora palmivora. Acta Hort 575, 475-481

 


Acknowledgements



Author Information


Suvalaxmi Palei
Department of Fruit Science & Horticulture Technology, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar- 751003, India

Dilip Kumar Dash
Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar- 751003, India


G. R. Rout
Department of Agril. Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar-751003, India

grrout@rediffmail.com