Vegetos

---

Research Articles | Published: 28 November, 2025

References

---

Baron M, Gonzalez-Rodriguez J, Croxton R, Gonzalez R, Jimenez-Perez R (2011) Chemometric study on the forensic discrimination of soil types using their infrared spectral characteristics. Appl Spectrosc 65:1151–1161


Beckhoff B, Kanngießer B, Langhoff N, Wedell R, Wolff H (2007) Handbook of practical X-ray fluorescence analysis. Springer Science & Business Media


Büchele D, Chao M, Ostermann M, Leenen M, Bald I (2019) Multivariate chemometrics as a key tool for prediction of K and Fe in a diverse German agricultural soil-set using EDXRF. Sci Rep 9:17588


Chauhan R, Kumar R, Kumar V, Sharma K, Sharma V (2021) On the discrimination of soil samples by derivative diffuse reflectance UV–vis-NIR spectroscopy and chemometric methods. Forensic Sci Int 319:110655


Damak F, Bougi MSM, Araoka D, Baba K, Furuya M, Ksibi M, Tamura K (2021) Soil geochemistry, edaphic and climatic characteristics as components of Tunisian olive terroirs: relationship with the multielemental composition of olive oils for their geographical traceability. Euro-Mediterr J Environ Integr 6:1–23


Di Maggio RM (2017) Pedology applied to forensics. In: Geoscientists at crime scenes: a companion to forensic geoscience. pp 31–51


Dragović S, Onjia A (2006) Classification of soil samples according to their geographic origin using gamma-ray spectrometry and principal component analysis. J Environ Radioact 89:150–158


Düzgün M, Eren A, Bilge U, Ceylan R, Selçuk R, Düz M (2024) Assessment of the relationship between Humic acid contents and trace elements of some agricultural soils in Diyarbakır region by multivariate statistical methods. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi 27(1):194–204


Egbueri JC (2020) Groundwater quality assessment using pollution index of groundwater (PIG), ecological risk index (ERI) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA): a case study. Groundw Sustain Dev 10:100292


Elhaik E (2022) Principal component analyses (PCA)-based findings in population genetic studies are highly biased and must be reevaluated. Sci Rep 12:14683


Granato D, Santos JS, Escher GB, Ferreira BL, Maggio RM (2018) Use of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) for multivariate association between bioactive compounds and functional properties in foods: a critical perspective. Trends Food Sci Technol 72:83–90


Guo H, Wang P, Li Y, Hu C, Zheng J, Mei H, Zhu J, Fan S, Zhong Q (2022) Mineralogical and elemental data for soil discriminating and geolocation tracing. Sci Justice 62(1):76–85


Gupta P, Satsangi M, Satsangi GP, Jangid A, Liu Y, Pani SK, Kumar R (2020) Exposure to respirable and fine dust particle over North-Central India: chemical characterization, source interpretation, and health risk analysis. Environ Geochem Health 42:2081–2099


Heltai G, Győri Z, Fekete I, Halász G, Kovács K, Takács A, Khumalo L, Horváth M (2019) Application of flexible multi-elemental ICP-OES detection in fractionation of potentially toxic element content of solid environmental samples by a sequential extraction procedure. Microchem J 149:104029


Hu C, Mei H, Guo H, Wang P, Zhu J (2020) The analysis of soil evidence to associate criminal tool and location. Forensic Sci Int 309:110231


Jolaosho TL, Mustapha AA, Hundeyin ST (2024) Hydrogeochemical evolution and heavy metal characterization of groundwater from southwestern, Nigeria: An integrated assessment using spatial, indexical, irrigation, chemometric, and health risk models. Heliyon 10(19):e38364


Liao M, Li Y, Kianifard F, Obi E, Arcona S (2016) Cluster analysis and its application to healthcare claims data: a study of end-stage renal disease patients who initiated hemodialysis. BMC Nephrol 17:1–14


Lukin SV, Zhuikov DV (2022) Content and balance of trace elements (Co, Mn, Zn) in agroecosystems of the Central Chernozemic Region of Russia. Agriculture (Basel) 12:154


Maione C, Luiza da Costa N, Barbosa F Jr, Barbosa RM (2022) A cluster analysis methodology for the categorization of soil samples for forensic sciences based on elemental fingerprint. Appl Artif Intell 36:2010941


Marguí E, Queralt I, Almeida E (2022) X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for environmental analysis: basic principles, instrumentation, applications and recent trends. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135006


Mazzetto JM, Dieckow J, Bonfleur EJ (2018) Factor analysis of organic soils for site discrimination in a forensic setting. Forensic Sci Int 290:244–250


Melit Devassy B, George S, Nussbaum P (2020) Unsupervised clustering of hyperspectral paper data using t-SNE. J Imaging 6:29


Melo VF, Barbar LC, Zamora PG, Schaefer CE, Cordeiro GA (2008) Chemical, physical and mineralogical characterization of soils from the Curitiba Metropolitan Region for forensic purpose. Forensic Sci Int 179:123–134


Morona F, Dos Santos FR, Brinatti AM, Melquiades FL (2017) Quick analysis of organic matter in soil by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and multivariate analysis. Appl Radiat Isot 130:13–20


Mun EY, Windle M, Schainker LM (2008) A model-based cluster analysis approach to adolescent problem behaviors and young adult outcomes. Dev Psychopathol 20:291–318


Neina D (2019) The role of soil pH in plant nutrition and soil remediation. Appl Environ Soil Sci 2019:1–9


Oldoni H, Tavares TR, Brasco TL, Cherubin MR, de Carvalho HWP, Magalhães PSG, do Amaral LR (2024) Temporal evaluation of soil chemical quality using VNIR and XRF spectroscopies. Soil Tillage Res 240:106087


Owens PN, Blake WH, Gaspar L, Gateuille D, Koiter A, Lobb DA, Petticrew EL, Reiffarth D, Smith HG, Woodward J (2016) Fingerprinting and tracing the sources of soils and sediments: earth and ocean science, geoarchaeological, forensic, and human health applications. Earth-Sci Rev 162:1–23


Papazotos P, Liakopoulos A, Kontodimos K, Koukoulis A (2024) Integrated geochemical analysis of urban and peri-urban soils: a case study of Lamia City, Greece. Environ Monit Assess 196(11):1052


Peterson J, Sommers I, Baskin D, Johnson D (2010) The role and impact of forensic evidence in the criminal justice process. National Institute of Justice. pp 1–151.


Pringle J, Jeffery A, Ruffell A, Stimpson I, Pirrie D, Bergslien E, Madden C, Oliver I, Wisniewski K, Cassella J (2022) The use of portable XRF as a forensic geoscience non-destructive trace evidence tool for environmental and criminal investigations. Forensic Sci Int 332:111175


Rännar S, Andersson PL (2010) A novel approach using hierarchical clustering to select industrial chemicals for environmental impact assessment. J Chem Inf Model 50:30–36


Reidy L, Bu K, Godfrey M, Cizdziel JV (2013) Elemental fingerprinting of soils using ICP-MS and multivariate statistics: a study for and by forensic chemistry majors. Forensic Sci Int 233:37–44


Sager M (2020) Urban soils and road dust—civilization effects and metal pollution—a review. Environments 7:98


Sangwan P, Nain T, Yadav P, Sharma N (2023) Molecular approaches in soil microbial analysis: forensic perspective. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 20(2):367–379


Sangwan P, Nimi C, Nain T, Singh R, Sharma N (2024) Discrimination of soil samples collected from Haryana (India) using non-destructive ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. Indian J Sci Technol 17(11):1087–1096


Sathish V, Chandrasekaran A, Hamideen MS, Isinkaye MO (2025) Impact of industrial activities on physicochemical properties, mineralogical, and elemental composition in sediments of Puliyanthangal lake, Ranipet, India. Sci Rep 15(1):20973


Singh V, Agrawal H, Joshi G, Sudershan M, Sinha A (2011) Elemental profile of agricultural soil by the EDXRF technique and use of the principal component analysis (PCA) method to interpret the complex data. Appl Radiat Isot 69:969–974


Smalldon K, Moffat A (1973) The calculation of discriminating power for a series of correlated attributes. J Forensic Sci Soc 13:291–295


Tibane LV, Mamba D (2022) Dataset on enrichment of selected trace metals in the soil from designated abandoned historical gold mine solid waste dump sites near residential areas, Witwatersrand basin, South Africa. Data Brief 41:107895





Woods B, Kirkbride KP, Lennard C, Robertson J (2014) Soil examination for a forensic trace evidence laboratory–Part 2: Elemental analysis. Forensic Sci Int 245:195–201


Wu W, Li AD, He XH, Ma R, Liu HB, Lv JK (2018) A comparison of support vector machines, artificial neural network and classification tree for identifying soil texture classes in southwest China. Comput Electron Agric 144:86–93


Xu X, Du C, Ma F, Shen Y, Zhou J (2020) Forensic soil analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Fourier transform infrared total attenuated reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR): principles and case studies. Forensic Sci Int 310:110222


Yu H, Hou X (2022) Hierarchical clustering in astronomy. Astron Comput. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ascom.2022.100662


Zhang Z, Murtagh F, Van Poucke S, Lin S, Lan P (2017) Hierarchical cluster analysis in clinical research with heterogeneous study population: highlighting its visualization with R. Ann Transl Med. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2017.02.05

 

Author Information

---

RFSL, Sunaria, Rohtak, India