Ethnobotanical inventory and therapeutic applications of medicinal plants used by tribal communities of Chintapalle Mandal, Southern Eastern Ghats, India

*Article not assigned to an issue yet

, , ,


Research Articles | Published:

E-ISSN: 2229-4473.
Website: www.vegetosindia.org
Pub Email: contact@vegetosindia.org
DOI: 10.1007/s42535-026-01787-4
First Page: 0
Last Page: 0
Views: 1

Keywords: Bioactive compounds, Herbal pharmacology, Indigenous knowledge systems, Phytochemical profiling


Abstract


The Southern Eastern Ghats of India is a floristically diverse but ethnomedicinally poorly explored area. This study highlights the knowledge of traditional medicinal plants of tribal communities in Chintapalle Mandal, Alluri Sitharama Raju District, Andhra Pradesh. During field survey conducted during January–February 2026, 78 informants from 18 villages were surveyed through semi-structured interview and participatory rural appraisal methods. A dominant family of 118 plant species belonging to 48 families was recorded. Fabaceae was the topmost family. The major life form were herbs with 39% while trees, shrubs and climbers registered 28, 24 and 9% respectively. The components most commonly used were leaves (25%), and whole plants or mixed parts (30%). The species reported were for treating various diseases including gastrointestinal, respiratory, dermatological, metabolic and inflammatory ailments. Nearly 49% of species has multiple uses. Analysis of plant metabolites showed that it contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The documented usage with its biological implementation is validated by literature. According to the research work, the indigenous knowledge has therapeutic potential, and there is a need for conservation, phytochemical validation and bio-activity guided drug discovery.

Bioactive compounds, Herbal pharmacology, Indigenous knowledge systems, Phytochemical profiling


References


Abadi A, Lakhdari W, Neghmouche Nacer S, Dehliz A, Khelafi H, Ben Salem R, Moussaoui Y (2025) Azadirachta indica leaf extract: phytochemical composition and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Int J Second Metabolite 12(3):604–614. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1511401


Abid F, Saleem M, Jamshaid T, Jamshaid U, Youssef fS, Diri RM, Elhady SS, Ashour ML (2024) Opuntia monacantha: validation of the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of its polyphenolic-rich extract in silico and in vivo via assessment of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. J Ethnopharmacol 326:117884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.117884


Ahmad F, Misra L, Tewari R, Gupta P, Mishra P, Shukla R (2016) Anti-inflammatory flavanol glycosides from Saraca asoca bark. Nat Prod Res 30(4):489–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1023728


Ahmad S, Hassan A, Abbasi WM, Rehman T (2018) Phytochemistry and pharmacological potential of Cassia absus—a review. J Pharm Pharmacol 70(1):27–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12816


Ajiboye BO, Ojo OA, Oyinloye BE, Okesola MA, Oluwatosin A, Boligon AA, Kappo AP (2020) Investigation of the in vitro antioxidant potential of polyphenolic-rich extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. stem bark and its antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Evid Based Integr Med 25:2515690X20916123. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515690X20916123


Akah PA (2022) Wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Pharmacol Res Mod Chin Med 3:100077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2022.100077


Akerele O (1992) WHO guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines. Fitoterapia 63:99–118


Alemu MA, Wubneh ZB, Adugna MA (2022) Antidiarrheal effect of 80% methanol extract and fractions of the roasted seed of Coffea arabica Linn. (Rubiaceae) in Swiss albino mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9914936


Al-Snafi AE (2020) Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Merremia gangetica: a review. IOSR J Pharm 10(3):1–7. https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-1003010107


Ambastha S, Sharan L (2023) In vitro antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of Sesbania grandiflora leaves. South Asian J Exp Biol 13(4):297–306. https://doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.13(4).p297-306


Antonisamy P, Agastian P, Kang CW, Kim NS, Kim JH (2019) Anti-inflammatory activity of rhein isolated from the flowers of Cassia fistula L. and possible underlying mechanisms. Saudi J Biol Sci 26(1):96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.04.011


Anusiri P, Choodej S, Chumriang P, Adisakwattana S, Pudhom K (2014) Inhibitory effects of flavonoids from stem bark of Derris indica on advanced glycation end products formation. J Ethnopharmacol 158:437–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.053


Arshad F, Altaf A, Arshad R, Sarwar M, Maqbool T, Kiran A, Zahid S, Aziz T, Alwutayd KM, Shami A, Al Joufi FA, Alwethaynani MS (2025) Hepatoprotective potential of Phyllanthus niruri extracts against CCl₄-induced liver injury in rats: Insight from phytochemical profiling, molecular docking, and oxidative stress studies. Chem Biodivers 22(10):e00691. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202500691


Asdaq SMB, Nayeem N, Alam MT, Alaqel SI, Imran M (2022) Tectona grandis L.f.: A comprehensive review on its patents, chemical constituents, and biological activities. Saudi J Biol Sci 29(3):1456–1464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.026


Ashokkumar K, Murugan M, Dhanya MK, Pandian A, Warkentin TD (2021) Phytochemistry and therapeutic potential of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oil and piperine: A review. Clin Phytosci 7:52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-021-00292-2


Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S (2005) Traditional knowledge of Kani tribals in Kouthalai of Tirunelveli Hills, Tamil Nadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol 102:246–255


Balakrishnan R, Vijayraja D, Jo SH, Ganesan P, Su-Kim I, Choi DK (2020) Medicinal profile, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Murraya koenigii and its primary bioactive compounds. Antioxidants 9(2):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9020101


Bandopadhyay S, Mandal S, Ghorai M, Jha NK, Kumar M, Radha N, Ghosh A, Proćków J, Perez de la Lastra JM, Dey A (2023) Therapeutic properties and pharmacological activities of asiaticoside and madecassoside: a review. J Cell Mol Med 27(5):593–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.17635


Beevi SS, Narasu ML, Gowda BB (2010) Polyphenolic profile, antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of leaves and stem of Raphanus sativus L. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 65(1):8–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-009-0148-6


Belhekar SN, Chaudhari PD, Saryawanshi JS, Mali KK, Pandhare RB (2013) Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Thespesia populnea fruit pulp extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Indian J Pharm Sci 75(2):217–221


Benedetto N, Carlucci V, Faraone I, Lela L, Ponticelli M, Russo D, Mangieri C, Tzvetkov NT, Milella L (2023) An insight into Citrus medica Linn.: A systematic review on phytochemical profile and biological activities. Plants Basel 12(12):2267. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122267


Berhanu T, Tewelde E, Yeshak MY, Bisrat D, Asres K (2025) Anthelmintic potential and in silico studies of ricinoleic acid from the seed oil of Ricinus communis L. Int J Mol Sci 26(4):1636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041636


Beyatli A (2025) Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae). Turk J Biol 49(1):127–137. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0152.2730


Bhadkaria A, Bhagyawant SS (2021) A prospective of underutilized legume moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechàl): phytochemical profiling, bioactive compounds and in vitro pharmacological studies. Food Biosci 42:101088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101088


Biswas A, Dey S, Huang S, Deng Y, Birhanie ZM, Zhang J, Akhter D, Liu L, Li D (2022) A comprehensive review of Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius: phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, and biological properties. Antioxidants 11(7):1358. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071358


Boruah G, Borah S, Laskar TT, Arora M, Pathak K (2025) In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of Streblus asper: An ethnomedicinal plant of Assam, India. Edelweiss Appl Sci Technol 9(9):1693–1704. https://doi.org/10.55214/2576-8484.v9i9.10194


Brijesh S, Daswani P, Tetali P, Antia N, Birdi T (2009) Studies on the antidiarrhoeal activity of Aegle marmelos unripe fruit: validating its traditional usage. BMC Complement Altern Med 9:47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-9-47


Bulbul IJ, Hossain MR, Haque MR, Al-Mansur MA, Hasan CM, Al Hasan A (2024) Two rare flavonoid glycosides from Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob.: experimental and computational approaches endorse antidiabetic potentiality. BMC Complement Med Ther 24(1):4337. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-024-04337-0


Cakilcioglu U, Turkoglu I (2010) An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Sivrice (Elazig, Turkey). J Ethnopharmacol 132:165–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.017


Chanda J, Mukherjee PK, Biswas R, Singha S, Kar A, Haldar PK (2021) Lagenaria siceraria and its bioactive constituents in carbonic anhydrase inhibition: A bioactivity-guided LC-MS/MS approach. Phytochem Anal 32(3):298–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.2975


City Population (2024) Alluri Sitharama Raju district (Andhra Pradesh, India): Population statistics. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/andhrapradesh/admin/805__alluri_sitharama_raju/


Dash GK, Murthy PN (2011) Studies on wound healing activity of Heliotropium indicum Linn. leaves on rats. ISRN Pharmacol 2011:847980. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/847980


Dey P, Chaudhuri TK (2014) Pharmacological aspects of Nerium indicum Mill. Pharmacogn Rev 8(16):157–161. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.134250


Dulbecco P, Savarino V (2013) Therapeutic potential of curcumin in digestive diseases. World J Gastroenterol 19(48):9256–9270. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i48.9256


El Gizawy HA, El Zanaty SA, El Ghaly EM, Seif-Eldein NA (2023) Thevetia peruviana leaves: HPLC profile, isolation, and in vitro cytotoxicity. RSC Adv 13(18):12072–12079. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA00588G


Faisal S, Tariq MH, Ullah R, Zafar S, Rizwan M, Bibi N, Khattak A, Amir N (2023) Exploring the antibacterial, antidiabetic, and anticancer potential of Mentha arvensis extract through in-silico and in-vitro analysis. BMC Complementary Med Therapies 23(1):267. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-04072-y


Fatima M, Ahmed S, Siddiqui MUA, Hasan MM (2021) Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Bauhinia racemosa Lam. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 10(2):121–124. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2021.v10.i2b.13972


Fernand VE, Dinh DT, Washington SJ, Fakayode SO, Losso JN, van Ravenswaay RO, Warner RO (2008) Determination of pharmacologically active compounds in root extracts of Cassia alata L. by use of high performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 74(4):896–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2007.07.033


Gajera HP, Gevariya SN, Hirpara DG, Patel SV, Golakiya BA (2017) Antidiabetic and antioxidant functionality associated with phenolic constituents from fruit parts of indigenous black jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) landraces. J Food Sci Technol 54(10):3180–3191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-017-2756-8


Galani VJ, Patel BG, Rana DG (2010) Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.: a phytopharmacological review. Int J Ayurveda Res 1(4):247–253


Getahun YW, Bezabh AM (2015) In vitro anthelmintic efficacy of fractions from Plumbago zeylanica L. root extract. Am J Life Sci 3(3):134–142. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.12


Giday M, Asfaw Z, Woldu Z (2009) Medicinal plants of the Meinit ethnic group of Ethiopia: An ethnobotanical study. J Ethnopharmacol 124(3):513–521


Gul H, Rauf A, Khan IA, Alnasser SM, Shah SUA, Rahman MM (2022) Phytochemical analysis and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological evaluation of Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022:6088585. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6088585


Habtemariam S (2013) Antihyperlipidemic components of Cassia auriculata aerial parts: identification through in vitro studies. Phytother Res 27(1):152–155. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4711


Hafeez M, Hassan SM, Mughal SS, Munir M, Khan MK (2020) Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of Abelmoschus esculentus leaves and seeds. Chem Biomol Eng 5(4):69–79. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cbe.20200504.11


Halim MA, Chowdhury MSH, Wadud AI, Uddin MS, Sarker SK, Uddin MB (2007) The use of plants in traditional health care practice of the Shaiji community in south-western Bangladesh. J Trop for Sci 19(3):168–175


Hamil FA, Apio S, Mubiru NK, Mosango M, Bukenya-Ziraba R, Maganyi OW, Soejarto DD (2000) Traditional herbal drugs of southern Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol 70:281–300


Hammadi Maroua M, Benamor ML, Bekkar Y, Nacer SN, Lanez E, Boudebia O, Garzoli S (2026) Comprehensive evaluation of the anti-inflammatory potential of Cucurbita maxima leaf extract: LC-MS phytochemical profiling coupled with in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. J Ethnopharmacol 362:121267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2026.121267


Hao Y, Yu S, Peng B, Qu L (2025) Bioaccessibility of Phyllanthus emblica L. extract and its potential as a functional food for protecting against inflammatory bowel disease. J Sci Food Agric. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.70399


Hasan KM, Yesmin S, Akhter SF, Paul S, Sarker S, Islam MA, Wahed MII, Khan MRI (2016) Hepatoprotective potentiality of various fractions of ethanolic extracts of Lawsonia inermis leaves against chemical-induced hepatitis in rats. Biochem Mol Biol 1(2):17–22. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20160102.12


Hasan K, Sabiha S, Islam N, Pinto JF, Silva O (2024) Ethnomedicinal usage, phytochemistry and pharmacological potential of Solanum surattense Burm, f.. Pharmaceuticals 17(7):948. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17070948


Hasan F, Gaur PK, Thippamma K, Shahreen N, Talebi M (2025) A comprehensive overview of phytochemical composition and therapeutic applications of Sida cordifolia L. Phytomed plus 5(3):100856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2025.100856


Hemadri K, Sarma RRC, Rao SS (1987) Medicinal plant wealth of Andhra Pradesh - Part I. Anc Sci Life 3:167–186


Hiramath VT, Vijaykumar MMJ, Taranath TC (2010) Survey of ethnomedicinal plants of Jogimatti Forest, Chitradurga District, Karnataka, India. Environ We 5:223–233


Hussain S, Komal KP, Guruvayoorappan C (2023) Emilia sonchifolia - a critical and comprehensive review of its diverse medicinal potential and future as therapeutic. Pharmacogn J 15(6):1143–1149. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2023.15.208


Indhuleka A, Jeyaraj M (2019) Hepatoprotective effect of Eclipta alba on membrane marker enzymes against paracetamol-induced liver damage. Orient J Chem 35(3):1215–1219. https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350343


International Society of Ethnobiology. 2006. International society of ethnobiology code of ethics (with 2008 additions). https://www.ethnobiology.net/code-of-ethics/


Islam MA, Mondal SK, Shorna MNA, Biswas S, Uddin MS, Zaman S, Saleh MA (2023) Antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, and in silico analysis of the methanolic leaf and flower extracts of Clitoria ternatea. Biochem Res Int 2023:8847876. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8847876


Jain SK (2001) Ethnobotany in modern India. Phytomorphology: golden jubilee issue - trends in plant sciences. 39–54


Jain P, Jain S, Sharma S, Paliwal S (2018) Diverse application of Phoenix sylvestris: a potential herb. Agric Nat Resour (Bangkok) 52(2):107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anres.2018.06.006


Jaiswal J, Siddiqi NJ, Fatima S, Abudawood M, AlDaihan SK, Alharbi MG, Pereira ML, Sharma P, Sharma B (2023) Analysis of biochemical and antimicrobial properties of bioactive molecules of Argemone mexicana. Molecules 28(11):4428. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114428


Javed E, Khan HM, Shahzad Q, Shahzad Y, Yasin H, Ul-Haq Z, Manzoor M, Ghori MU, Alanazi AM, Khan AA (2023) Phytochemical characterization and anti-arthritic potential of Croton bonplandianus leaves extract: in vivo and in silico approach. Saudi Pharmaceutical J 31(12):101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101860


Juliet YS, Kalimuthu K, Chinnadurai V, Ranjitha V, Vanitha A (2018) Antimicrobial and anticancer activities of ethanol and methanol extracts of Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce. Asian J Pharm Pharmacol 4(6):870–877. https://doi.org/10.31024/ajpp.2018.4.6.23


Kilani S, Abdelwahed A, Ammar RB, Hayder N, Hammami M, Chraief I, Ghedira K, Chekir-Ghedira L (2005) Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oil and organic extracts of Cyperus rotundus. BMC Complement Altern Med 6:695–700. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2005.9699035


Kumar S, Singh B (2026) Boerhavia diffusa L.: Integrative traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and quality control/quality assurance. Chem Biodivers 23(2):e01724. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202501724


Kumar M, Ahmad A, Rawat P, Khan MF, Rasheed N, Gupta P, Sathiamoorthy B, Bhatia G, Palit G, Maurya R (2010) Antioxidant flavonoid glycosides from Evolvulus alsinoides. Fitoterapia 81(4):234–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2009.09.003


Kumar M, Govindrajan J, Nyola NK (2017) Antihyperglycemic potential of saponin-enriched fraction from Pithecellobium dulce Benth. seed extract. Pharmacogn Res 9(Suppl 1):S23–S26. https://doi.org/10.4103/pr.pr_18_17


Kumar S, Singh B, Bajpai V (2021) Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees: traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and quality control/quality assurance. J Ethnopharmacol 275:114054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114054


Kumari S, Chopra MP (2026) Ficus benghalensis Linn.: A comprehensive review of its ethnobotany, bioactive compounds, pharmacological applications, safety profile and future directions for obesity therapy. Res J Pharm Technol 19(2):923–929. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00131


Lata S, Barman TB, Sharma R (2025) Diversity of traditional medicinal plants in silvipastoral land-use systems of the north-western Himalaya, India. Indian J Tradit Knowl 24(2):124–145


Li T, Wei Z, Sun Y, Wang Q, Kuang H (2019) Withanolides, extracted from Datura metel L., inhibit keratinocyte proliferation and imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis via the STAT3/P38/ERK1/2 pathway. Molecules Basel 24(14):2596. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142596


Luo Y, Xu Y, Zhang H, Zhang J, Qin X, Jin S (2024) Celosia cristata L.: a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and quality control, along with network pharmacological analysis of its components and targets. J Ethnopharmacol 332:118325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.118325


Majeed M, Hussain AI, Anwar H, Irfan S, Chatha SAS, Ali Q, Mukhtar I, Hafeez Z (2020) Hepatoprotective effect of desi and kabuli cultivars of Cicer arietinum L. against carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity in rats. Trop J Pharm Res 19(3):609–615. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v19i3.22


Man S, Wang CG, Huang XS, Xu Z, Zhang H, Wu X (2022) Phytochemicals from Polyalthia species: potential and implication on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and chemoprevention activities. Molecules (Basel) 26(17):5369. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175369


Mandal B, Madan S, Ahmad S, Ansari MHR (2021) Antiurolithic efficacy of a phenolic-rich ethyl acetate fraction of the aerial parts of Aerva lanata (Linn) Juss. ex Schult. in ethylene glycol induced urolithic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 73(4):560–572. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpp/rgaa071


Manimegalai P, Selvam K, Prakash P, Kirubakaran D, Shivakumar MS, SenthilNathan S (2023) In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory and in silico ADMET molecular docking study of Hardwickia binata phytocompounds. In Silico Pharmacol 11:25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40203-023-00163-3


Martin DR, Ajmal A, Meyer M, Madiehe AM (2025) In silico identification of phytoconstituents from Capparis sepiaria as interleukin-1 inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis: molecular docking, ADMET profiling, and molecular dynamics simulation. In Silico Pharmacol 13:106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40203-025-00386-6


Mathew LE, Sindhu G, Helen A (2014) Dolichos biflorus exhibits anti inflammatory and antioxidant properties in an acute inflammatory model. J Food Drug Anal 22(4):455–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.02.002


Mbahi MA, Mbahi MA, Amos PI (2018) Phytochemical screening and anti-diarrheal activity of the pulp and seed extracts of Ziziphus mauritiana in rats. Int J Biochem Res Rev 24(3):1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2018/45674


Md PR, Md SIS, Akhter S, Md JI (2010) Ethno-medicinal plants use by the Manipuri tribal community in Bangladesh. J for Res 21(1):85–92


Meda NTR, Bangou MJ, Bakasso S, Millogo-Rasolodimby J, Nacoulma OG (2013) Antioxidant activity of phenolic and flavonoid fractions of Cleome gynandra and Maerua angolensis of Burkina Faso. J Appl Pharm Sci 3(2):36–42. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2013.30207


Mesmar J, Abdallah R, Badran A, Maresca M, Shaito A, Baydoun E (2022) Ziziphus nummularia: a comprehensive review of its phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties. Molecules 27(13):4240. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134240


Misar A, Bhagat R, Mujumdar AM (2007) Antidiarrhoeal activity of Acacia nilotica Willd. bark methanol extract. Hindustan Antibiot Bull 49–50(1–4):14–20


Muniappan A, Savarimuthu I (2011) Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelveli Hills of the Western Ghats, India. J Ethnopharmacol 134:851–864


Munir N, Khilji SA, Rasool S, Khalil A, Sajid ZA (2025) Phytochemical analysis, antibacterial, and antitumor potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Scientifica. https://doi.org/10.1155/sci5/2722306


Muthukumaraswamy S, Mohan VR, Kumaresan S, Chelladurai V (2003) Herbal remedies used by the Paliyar tribe of Grizzled Giant Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, Srivilliputhur, Tamil Nadu for poisonous bites. J Econ Taxon Bot 27:761–764


Naidu MT, Kumar OA (2015) Tree species diversity in the Eastern Ghats of northern Andhra Pradesh, India. J Threat Taxa 7(12):7443–7459. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3764.7443-59


Nguyen MT, Le BV, Nguyen VP, Yang SY (2024) Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.: an updated review. Nutrients 16(9):1396. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091396


Noorulla Shirkande AS, Basu S, Shirkande AA, Samuel H, Ballav S, Changade JV (2025) Scientific basis for the therapeutic uses of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. (Bhallataka): a systematic review. Int J Ayurved Med 16(1):11–22. https://doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v16i1.5404


Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India (2011) District census handbook: Visakhapatnam district - village and town directory (Census of India 2011, Series 29, Part XII-A). Census of India


Ojewole JAO (2005) Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects of Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark aqueous extract. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 27(8):547–554. https://doi.org/10.1358/mf.2005.27.8.928308


Oliveira MLA, Sousa RM, Barbosa EA, Galdino OA, Dantas DLA, Alves IR, Borges RS, Castelo Branco NCM, Rodrigues ASN, de Souza GC, Silva SV, Araujo-Silva G, Luz JRD, Almeida MG (2025) Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) leaf extract from phytochemical characterization and toxicity evaluation to modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and MAPK/NFκB pathways. Molecules 30(22):4335. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224335


Ou L, Hao Y, Liu H, Zhu Z, Li C, Chen Q, Wei R, Feng Z, Zhang G, Yao M (2024) Chebulinic acid isolated from aqueous extracts of Terminalia chebula Retz inhibits Helicobacter pylori infection by potential binding to CagA protein and regulating adhesion. Front Microbiol 15:1416794. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1416794


Pable AK, Ghotankar A (2025) Kaṇṭakārī (Solanum xanthocarpum): An Ayurvedic review with contemporary correlation. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 14(5):336–338. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2025.v14.i5e.15590


Padal SB, Sandhyasri B (2013) Ethnomedicinal investigation of medicinal plants of Sovva Panchayat, Dumbriguda Mandalam, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh. Int J Eng Sci 2(5):55–61


Padal SB, Chandrasekhar P, Satyavathi K (2013) Ethnomedicinal investigation of medicinal plants used by the tribes of Pedabayalu Mandalam, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Int J Comput Eng Res 3(4):13


Pankaj KS, Tiwari A, Bhattacharya S, Patel P (2017) Ethnomedicinal plants used in the health care systems of tribal people in Chhattisgarh, India. Indian J Sci Res 13(2):119–124


Pareek A, Pant M, Gupta MM, Kashania P, Ratan Y, Jain V (2023) Moringa oleifera: an updated comprehensive review of its pharmacological activities, ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and toxicological aspects. Int J Mol Sci 24(3):2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032098


Peeran SSH, Vinciya T, Rabiyamma S, Muthukumaran T (2024) Anti-urolithiatic activity of aqueous and alcoholic extract of Phaseolus vulgaris L. seeds in Wistar rats. Int J Biol Pharm Allied Sci 13(11):5467–5479. https://doi.org/10.31032/IJBPAS/2024/13.11.8400


Pham TL, Nguyen TT, Vu TT, Nguyen THY, Phan HM, Bui SN, Nguyen TH, Nguyen NH, Ta TTH, Pham TNH, Bui TT (2022) Bioactive compounds from Mimosa pudica leaves extract with their α-glucosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory activities in vitro and in silico approaches. Lett Drug des Discovery 20(3):353–364. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570180819666220510105202


Pragada PM, Narasimha Rao GM (2012) Ethnoveterinary medicinal practices in tribal regions of Andhra Pradesh, India. Bangladesh J Plant Taxon 19(1):7–16


Premavani D, Naidu MT, Venkaiah M (2014) Tree species diversity and population structure in the tropical forests of the north-central Eastern Ghats, India. Not Sci Biol 6(4):448–453. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb649382


Qing Z, Shi Y, Han L, Li P, Zha Z, Liu C, Liu X, Huang P, Liu Y, Tang Q (2022) Identification of seven undescribed cucurbitacins in Cucumis sativus and their cytotoxic activity. Phytochemistry 197:113123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113123


Rajendran SM, Chandrasekar K, Sundaresan V (2002) Ethnomedicinal lore of Valaya tribe in Seithur Hills of Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Tradit Knowl 1:59–71


Rana MP, Sohel MSI, Akhter S, Islam MJ (2010) Ethnomedicinal plants used by the Manipuri tribal community in Bangladesh. J for Res 21(1):85–92


Rohini IB, Hamsaveni N, Sujeet K, Bhavya C, Suresh KK (2017) An ethnomedicinal survey of medicinal plants used by traditional healers of Araku Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India. Int J Curr Res 9(4):48633–48645


Rohit P, Vaghela JS (2025) Anti-diarrhoeal activity of Soymida febrifuga bark extract. World J Pharm Res 14(16):1361–1366. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr202516-38134


Roy J, Bhowmik S, Uddin MG, Hasan MN, Maswood AA, Zahan S (2022) Assessment of membrane stability, central nervous system depressant and gastrointestinal motility effects of methanol extract of Lablab purpureus seeds. J Herb Med Pharmacol 11(2):238–244. https://doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2022.28


Rozza AL, Moraes TM, Kushima H, Tanimoto A, Marques MO, Bauab TM, Hiruma-Lima CA, Pellizzon CH (2011) Gastroprotective mechanisms of Citrus lemon essential oil and its major compounds limonene and β-pinene. Chem Biol Interact 189(1–2):82–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.031


Salehi B et al (2020) Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects of Anacardium plants: an ethnopharmacological perspective. Antioxidants (Basel) 9(9):834. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00295


Sánchez M, González-Burgos E, Iglesias I, Gómez-Serranillos MP (2020) Pharmacological update on properties of Aloe vera and its major active constituents. Molecules 25(6):1324. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061324


Sarma B, Deka K, Sutradhar T, Deori S, Borthakur MK (2025) Phytochemical evaluation and GC-MS analysis of leaf extract of Manihot esculenta Crantz. Def Life Sci J 10(3):192–198. https://doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.19648


Sekhar RS (2016) Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by tribals in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Int J Adv Res 4(7):420–425


Senthamilselvi M, Kesavan D, Sulochana N (2012) An anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial flavone glycoside from flowers of Cleome viscose. Org Med Chem Lett 2:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-2858-2-19


Shaikhaldein HO, Al-Qurainy F, Tarroum M, Khan S, Nadeem M, Salih AM (2022) Phytochemical analysis of Maerua oblongifolia. Horticulturae 8(7):610. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070610


Sharma AD, Kaur I, Angish S, Thakur A, Sania S, Singh A (2022) Comparative phytochemistry, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of traditionally used Ocimum species, including Ocimum tenuiflorum. BioTechnologia (Pozn) 103(2):131–142. https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2022.116206


Shobana S, Harsha MR, Platel K, Srinivasan K, Malleshi NG (2010) Amelioration of hyperglycaemia and its associated complications by finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) seed coat matter in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Br J Nutr 104(12):1787–1795. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002977


Shukla RK, Nandan K, Shukla A, Kaur A, Rana D (2020) Review on traditional uses, biological activities, and phytoconstituents of Bombax ceiba Linn. Res J Pharm Technol 13(11):5607–5612. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00978.6


Singh N, Kesharwani A, Gajbhiye RL, Hari HSS, Bharathavikru RS, Ravichandiran V, Parihar VK (2026) Hydroalcoholic extract of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. reinstates renal structural and functional dynamics compromised in diabetic mice: molecular insights through integration of transcriptomics and proteomics. J Ethnopharmacol 362:121132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2025.121132


Sinha S, Sharma A, Reddy PH, Rathi B, Prasad NVSRK, Vashishtha A (2013) Evaluation of phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Holarrhena antidysenterica (Wall.). J Pharm Res 6(4):488–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopr.2013.04.004


Sivapalan S, Dharmalingam S, Venkatesan V, Mangalagowri A, Ashokkumar V (2023) Phytochemical analysis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity of Calotropis gigantea and its therapeutic applications. J Ethnopharmacol 303:115963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2022.115963


Soma M, Estari M (2013) An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by traditional healers of Thadvai, Warangal District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2(1):40–46


Sowndhararajan K, Santhanam R, Hong S, Jhoo JW, Kim S (2016) Suppressive effects of acetone extract from the stem bark of Acacia leucophloea on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 6(8):658–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.06.005


Sridhar C, Krishnaraju AV, Subbaraju GV (2006) Antiinflammatory constituents of Teramnus labialis. Indian J Pharm Sci 68(1):111–114. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.22981


Srinivasan K (2012) Antioxidant potential of spices and their active constituents. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 54(3):352–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.585525


Ştefănescu R, Tero-Vescan A, Negroiu A, Aurică E, Vari CE (2020) A comprehensive review of the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties of Tribulus terrestris L. Biomolecules Basel 10(5):752. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10050752


Stein C, Voigts J, Niederreiter L, Kowarschik S, Huber R, Lüth VM (2024) Antiproliferative and immunomodulative potential of Citrullus colocynthis and its bioactive compounds in human lymphocytes and lung cells. J Ethnopharmacol 328:118053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.118053


Sukmawan YP, Alifiar I, Nurdianti L, Ningsih WR (2021) Wound healing effectivity of the ethanolic extracts of Ageratum conyzoides L. leaf (white and purple flower type) and Centella asiatica and astaxanthin combination gel preparation in animal model. Turk J Pharm Sci 18(5):609–615. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.34676


Sultana T, Islam S, Azad MAK, Akanda MJH, Rahman A, Rahman MS (2024) Phytochemical profiling and antimicrobial properties of various sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaves assessed by RP-HPLC-DAD. Foods 13(17):2787. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172787


Sumathi R, Manjula A, Saravanakumar G, Mozhiyarasi P, Sujithra K, Revathi T, Vijayalakshmi A (2025) In vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antivenom and anticancer effect of Leucas aspera plant extract. Asian J Biol Life Sci 14(2):375–381. https://doi.org/10.5530/ajbls.20251454


Sundarrajan S, Lulu S, Arumugam M (2017) Deciphering the mechanism of action of Wrightia tinctoria for psoriasis based on systems pharmacology approach. J Altern Complement Med 23(11):866–878. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2016.0248


Rao P V & Suneetha K, Empowering the scheduled tribes through education in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh, Indian Journal of Lifelong Learning and Development, 6(3) (2018)


Sunil M, Vedavijaya T, Karuna Sree P, Sayana SB (2023) Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant evaluation of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Abutilon indicum. Cureus 15(10):e47703. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.47703


Swantara MD, Rita WS, Dira MA, Agustina KK (2022) Cervical anticancer activities of Annona squamosa Linn. leaf isolate. Vet World 15(1):124–131. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.124-131


Syed A, Benit N, Alyousef AA, Alqasim A, Arshad M (2020) In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant potentials and cytotoxic activity of the leaves of Tridax procumbens. Saudi J Biol Sci 27(2):757–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.031


Tatsimo SJN, Tamokou JDD, Havyarimana L, Csupor D, Hohmann J, Kuiate JR, Tane P (2012) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of kaempferol rhamnoside derivatives from Bryophyllum pinnatum. BMC Res Notes 5:158. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-158


Thawkar B, Kale M, Oswal M, Maniyar K, Kadam K, Kamat S (2016) To study anti-inflammatory activity of 70% methanolic extract of Triumfetta rhomboidea: in vitro study. Res J Pharm Technol 9(3):241–244. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2016.00044.5


Thokchom B, Keithellakpam OS, Nameirakpam B, Sougrakpam S, Nahakpam S, Lalvenhimi S, Nambam B, Ashihe D, Deb L, Bhardwaj PK, Mukherjee PK, Sharma N (2025) Ethnobotany of traditional medicinal plants used in Senapati district of Manipur, northeastern India. Indian J Tradit Knowl 24(2):112–123


Thongdonphum B, Vanichkul K, Bunchaleamchai A, Powthong P (2023) In vitro antimicrobial activity of Nymphaea pubescens (pink water lily) leaf extracts. Plants 12(20):3588. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203588


Townsend EA, Siviski ME, Zhang Y, Xu C, Hoonjan B, Emala CW, Pabelick CM (2013) Effects of ginger and its constituents on airway smooth muscle relaxation and calcium regulation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 48(2):157–163. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2012-0231OC


Tripathi AH, Kumari A, Chand G, Kumar R, Durgapal A (2023) An overview of phytomedicinal, ethnobotanical applications and phytochemical constituents of four major Agave species. Indian J Nat Prod Res 14(2):148–161. https://doi.org/10.56042/ijnpr.v14i2.4199


Udegbunam SO, Udegbunam RI, Muogbo CC, Anyanwu MU, Nwaehujor CO (2014) Wound healing and antibacterial properties of methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea Juss in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 14:157. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-157


Uniyal SK, Singh KN, Jamwal P, Lal B (2006) Traditional use of medicinal plants among tribal communities of Chhota in the Western Himalaya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2:14


Venkatesan U, Muniyan R (2026) Therapeutic potential of Acalypha indica L. leaf fractions against foodborne pathogens: an in vitro and in silico study. Sci Rep 16:2423. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32216-2


Vivekanandan L, Prabha T, Jagadeeswaran M, Selvaraj H (2024) Role of Sapindus emarginatus pericarp extract in gut serotonin level and its emetic activity in animal models. Curr Bioact Compd 20(1):2–9. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573407219666230815121205


Xia M, Liu L, Qiu R, Li M, Huang W, Ren G, Zhang J (2018) Anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic activities of Euphorbia hirta extract in neonatal asthmatic rats. AMB Express 8(1):179. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-018-0707-z


Yadav JP, Arya V, Yadav S, Panghal M, Kumar S, Dhankhar S (2010) Cassia occidentalis L.: a review on its ethnobotany. Phytochemical Pharmacological Profile 81(4):223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2009.09.008


Yagoo A, Milton MCJ, Vilvest J, Jessie AAA, Balakrishna K (2025) Isolation and investigation of anti-tubercular ilicic acid from Sphaeranthus indicus against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and MDR strains. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 158:105800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2025.105800


Yogi A, Pandey M (2022) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry investigation of bioactive compounds and bioassay of leaves of Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper. Indian J Appl Res 12(8):1–5. https://doi.org/10.36106/ijar


Zahid HJ, Shakun M (2022) Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used by tribals of the Satpura Range, Burhanpur district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Int J Biol Innov 4(1):71–76

 


Author Information


Department of Zoology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India