*Article not assigned to an issue yet
Keywords: Cucurbitaceae, Food security, Abiotic stress, Extreme temperatures, eCO2n , Vegetables, Climate extremes, Climates
This systematic review explores the impact of climate extremes and abiotic stresses on cucurbits, analyzing 154 articles from 1960 to 2024. The Cucurbitaceae crops, including cucumber, melon, watermelon, and bottle gourd, are vital for global food security but are increasingly vulnerable to environmental stresses. Elevated temperatures above 40 °C reduce germination by 52% in melon and yield by 17% in bottle gourd. Low temperatures (2 °C) decrease vine length by 37.5% in watermelon and leaf area by 66% in melon. Elevated CO2 (600–1000 ppm) improves cucumber yields by 41% and first-class fruit output by 88% but reduces leaf area by 4.9%. Salinity stress decreases germination by 100% in bottle gourd at 20 dS/m, while drought reduces cucumber fruit number by up to 80% and yield by 27.8%. Waterlogging lowers photosynthesis by 62.5% and biomass by 35.1% in cucumbers. Heavy metals, such as cadmium and nickel, reduce germination in melon by 62% and cucumber yields by 22%. UV-B radiation diminishes cucumber leaf area by 42%, biomass by 36%, and plant height by 29%. Biochemical and molecular responses, including altered photosynthesis, oxidative stress, and changes in transcription factor activity, underscore the physiological complexity of cucurbit responses to stress. Drought stress was identified as the most detrimental abiotic stress, and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the most sensitive cucurbit. Agricultural practices, such as breeding, selection of tolerant varieties, and mulching, and policy reforms focused on agricultural advancements should be promoted to alleviate the adverse effects of these abiotic stresses on cucurbits.
Acila S, Derouiche S, Allioui N (2024) Embryo growth alteration and oxidative stress responses in germinating Cucurbita pepo seeds exposed to cadmium and copper toxicity. Sci Rep 14(1):8608
Ahmed M (2016) Impact of growing degree days on growth and yield of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (mol.) Standl) in different planting dates. Glob J Adv Res 3:992–1001
Alaoui-Sossé B, Genet P, Vinit-Dunand F, Toussaint ML, Epron D, Badot PM (2004) Effect of copper on growth in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) and its relationships with carbohydrate accumulation and changes in ion contents. Plant Sci 166(5):1213–1218
Alpaslan M, Gunes A (2001) Interactive effects of boron and salinity stress on the growth, membrane permeability, and mineral composition of tomato and cucumber plants. Plant Soil 236(1):123–128
Amin B, Atif MJ, Wang X, Meng H, Ghani MI, Ali M et al (2021) Effect of low temperature and high humidity stress on physiology of cucumber at different leaf stages. Plant Biol 23(5):785–796
Awasthi K, Sinha P (2013) Nickel stress-induced antioxidant defense system in sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrical). J Plant Physiol Pathol 1(1):1–2
Ayyogari K, Sidhya P, Pandit MK (2014) Impact of climate change on vegetable cultivation—a review. Int J Agric Environ Biotechnol 7(1):145–155
Baghbani A, Forghani AH, Kadkhodaie A (2013) Study of salinity stress on germination and seedling growth in greenhouse cucumber cultivars. J Basic Appl Sci Res 3(3):1137–1140
Balachandran C, Chandran MS, Vinay S, Shrikant N, Ranachandra TV (2017) Pollinator diversity and foraging dynamics on monsoon crop of cucurbits in a traditional landscape of South Indian West Coast. Biotropia Southeast Asian J Trop Biol 24(1):16–27
Barickman TC, Simpson CR, Sams CE (2019) Waterlogging causes early modification in the physiological performance, carotenoids, chlorophylls, proline, and soluble sugars of cucumber plants. Plants 8(6):160
Barman M, Tenhaken R, Dötterl S (2024) Negative and sex-specific effects of drought on flower production, resources and pollinator visitation, but not on floral scent in monoecious Cucurbita pepo. New Phytol 244(3):1013–1023
Bayoumi Y, Abd-Alkarim E, El-Ramady H, El-Aidy F, Hamed ES, Taha N et al (2021) Grafting improves fruit yield of cucumber plants grown under combined heat and soil salinity stresses. Horticulturae 7(3):61
Botía P, Navarro JM, Cerdá A, Martínez V (2005) Yield and fruit quality of two melon cultivars irrigated with saline water at different stages of development. Eur J Agron 23(3):243–253
Boyd RS, Rajakaruna N (2013) Heavy metal tolerance. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Brazaitytė A, Duchovskis P, Urbonavičiūtė A, Samuolienė G, Jankauskienė J, Kasiulevičiūtė-Bonakėrė A et al (2009) The effect of light-emitting diodes lighting on cucumber transplants and after-effect on yield. Zemdirbyste Agric 96(3):102–118
Burzyński M, Żurek A (2007) Effects of copper and cadmium on photosynthesis in cucumber cotyledons. Photosynthetica 45(2):239–244
Cantarello C, Volpe V, Azzolin C, Bertea C (2005) Modulation of enzyme activities and expression of genes related to primary and secondary metabolism in response to UV-B stress in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). J Plant Interact 1(3):151–161
Chen C, Yu W, Xu X, Wang Y, Wang B, Xu S et al (2024) Research advancements in salt tolerance of cucurbitaceae: from salt response to molecular mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 25(16):9051
Ciais P, Sabine C, Bala G, Bopp L, Brovkin V, Canadell J et al (2013) Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles. In: Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, pp 465–570
Comas LH, Becker SR, Cruz VMV, Byrne PF, Dierig DA (2013) Root traits contributing to plant productivity under drought. Front Plant Sci 4:442
Datta S (2013) Impact of climate change in Indian horticulture: a review. Int J Sci Environ Technol 2(4):661–671
Decoteau DR, Simon JE, Eason G, Reinert RA (1986) Ozone-induced injury on field-grown watermelons. HortScience 21(6):1369–1371
Dhaliwal MS (2017) Handbook of vegetable crops. Kalyani Publishers, India
Dötterl S, Gershenzon J (2023) Chemistry, biosynthesis, and biology of floral volatiles: roles in pollination and other functions. Nat Prod Rep 40(12):1901–1937
Dube BK, Sinha P, Chatterjee C (2002) Changes in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) metabolism by excess cadmium. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 1(2):225–229
Edelstein M, Corbineau F, Kigel J, Nerson H (1995) Seed coat structure and oxygen availability control low-temperature germination of melon (Cucumis melo) seeds. Physiol Plant 93(3):451–456
Ergin S, Aydogan C, Turhan E (2021) Physiological effects of high-temperature stress in some cucurbit plants. Curr Trends Nat Sci 10(19):235–245
Fan HF, Du CX, Ding L, Xu YL (2014) Exogenous nitric oxide promotes waterlogging tolerance as related to the activities of antioxidant enzymes in cucumber seedlings. Russ J Plant Physiol 61(3):366–373
Feng Z, Hu E, Wang X, Jiang L, Liu X (2015) Ground-level O3 pollution and its impacts on food crops in China: a review. Environ Pollut 199:42–48
Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN Jr (1993) Atmospheric chemistry of tropospheric ozone formation: scientific and regulatory implications. Air Waste 43(8):1091–1100
Fukushima T, Yamazaki M, Tsugiyama T (1977) Chilling injury in cucumber fruits: I. Effects of storage temperature on symptoms and physiological changes. Sci Horticult 6(3):185–197
Gao L, Yu G, Hu F, Li Z, Li W, Peng C (2021) The patterns of male and female flowers in flowering stage may not be optimal resource allocation for fruit and seed growth. Plants 10(12):2819
Germ M, Kreft I, Osvald J (2005) Influence of UV-B exclusion and selenium treatment on photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, yield, and respiratory potential in pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo L.). Plant Physiol Biochem 43(5):445–448
Ghahremani Z, Fathollahi A, Barzegar T, Nikbakht J, Ranjbar ME, Nezamdoost D (2023) Role of plant genetic resources and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to enhance drought tolerance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Agric Res 12(3):257–265
Gouda A, Nemichandrappa M, Babu MB, Halidoddi RR, Reddy M, Ramesh G (2023) Influence of different irrigation scenario’s under mulched and non-mulched condition on soil moisture, yield and Wue of ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula L.). Int J Environ Clim Change 13(11):1385–1391
Hartz TK, Baameur A, Holt DB (1991) Carbon dioxide enrichment of high-value crops under tunnel culture. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 116(6):970–973
Henkhaus N, Bartlett M, Gang D, Grumet R, Jordon-Thaden I, Lorence A et al (2020) Plant science decadal vision 2020–2030: reimagining the potential of plants for a healthy and sustainable future. Plant Direct 4(8):e00252
Hongal D, Raju D, Kumar S, Talukdar A, Das A, Kumari K et al (2023) Elucidating the role of key physio-biochemical traits and molecular network conferring heat stress tolerance in cucumber. Front Plant Sci 14:512
Ikkonen EN, Shibaeva TG, Titov AF (2015) Water use efficiency in Cucumis sativus L. in response to daily short-term temperature drop. J Agric Sci 7(11):208
Janoudi AK, Widders IE, Flore JA (1993) Water deficits and environmental factors affect photosynthesis in leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). J Am Soc Hortic Sci 118(3):366–370
Javeed H, Naz N, Ali H, Hashem A, Abd-Allah EF, El Sabagh A (2024) Comparative analysis of salt and heavy metal stress responses in Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad and Cucumis melo subspecies agrestis (naud) for phytoremediation applications. Appl Ecol Environ Res 22(2):1391–1413
Jeffrey C (1990) An outline classification of the Cucurbitaceae. In: Bates DM, Robinson RW, Jeffrey C (eds) Biology and utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Cornel University Press, Ithaca, pp 449–463
Jiang JL, Tian Y, Li L, Yu M, Hou RP, Ren XM (2019) H2S alleviates salinity stress in cucumber by maintaining the Na+/K+ balance and regulating H2S metabolism and oxidative stress response. Front Plant Sci 10:678
Kaabomeir H, Golabi M, Naseri A, Boroomandnasab S (2021) Effect of saline water on seed germination indices of Salvia hispanica L., Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L., Luffa cylindrical L., and Momordica charantia. Irrig Sci Eng 44(2):93–112
Kabała K, Janicka-Russak M, Burzyński M, Kłobus G (2008) Comparison of heavy metal effect on the proton pumps of plasma membrane and tonoplast in cucumber root cells. J Plant Physiol 165(3):278–288
Kamal MI (2022) Hybrid performance of qualitative and quantitative traits in summer squash affected by UV irradiation. Ann Agric Sci Moshtohor 60(4):1185–1198
Kamal MI, Zaied KA, AboAli AM, Abd El-Hadi AH (2023) Genetic variations induced in summer squash by ultraviolet irradiation for earliness and yield related traits. J Genet Genomics Plant Breed 7(3):30–42
Kang X, Pei ZQ, Xu TT, Dong CY, Bai X, Ma C et al (2024) Exogenous melatonin enhanced cadmium stress tolerance of cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L.). Biologia 7:1–18
Kaur G, Asthir B (2017) Molecular responses to drought stress in plants. Biol Plant 61(2):201–209
Kęska K, Szcześniak MW, Makałowska I, Czernicka M (2021) Long-term waterlogging as a factor contributing to hypoxia stress tolerance enhancement in cucumber: comparative transcriptome analysis of waterlogging sensitive and tolerant accessions. Genes 12(2):189
Khan AS, Chaudhry NY (2006) GA3 improves flower yield in some cucurbits treated with lead and mercury. Afr J Biotech 5(2):149–153
Khan MR, Khan MW (1999) Effects of intermittent ozone exposures on powdery mildew of cucumber. Environ Exp Bot 42(3):163–171
Khan MR, Rizvi TF (2020) Effect of elevated levels of CO2 on powdery mildew development in five cucurbit species. Sci Rep 10(1):1–13
Kirnak H, Yamaç M (2016) Determination of salt tolerance potential of Turkish bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) germplasm. Cucurbitaceae 2016:278
Kondo N, Kawashima M (2000) Enhancement of the tolerance to oxidative stress in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings by UV-B irradiation: possible involvement of phenolic compounds and antioxidative enzymes. J Plant Res 113(3):311–317
Kopecká R, Kameniarová M, Černý M, Brzobohatý B, Novák J (2023) Abiotic stress in crop production. Int J Mol Sci 24(7):6603
Korkmaz A, Dufault RJ (2001) Developmental consequences of cold temperature stress at transplanting on seedling and field growth and yield: I. Watermelon. J Am Soc Horticult Sci 126(4):404–409
Krishnasamy V (1992) Studies on imbibition injury in bitter gourd seeds. Seed Sci Technol 20(3):497–502
Krizek DT, Mirecki RM, Britz SJ (1997) Inhibitory effects of ambient levels of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation on growth of cucumber. Physiol Plant 100(4):886–893
Kumar R, Reddy KM (2021) Impact of climate change on cucurbitaceous vegetables in relation to increasing temperature and drought. In: Solankey SS et al (eds) Advances in research on vegetable production under a changing climate, vol 1. Springer, Cham, pp 175–195
Labidi O, Kouki R, Hidouri S, Bouzahouane H, Caçador I, Pérez-Clemente RM, Sleimi N (2024) Impact of nickel toxicity on growth, fruit quality and antioxidant response in zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). Plants 13(17):2361
Lai YS, Shen D, Zhang W, Zhang X, Qiu Y, Wang H et al (2018) Temperature and photoperiod changes affect cucumber sex expression by different epigenetic regulations. BMC Plant Biol 18:1–13
Lee JS, Paek KY, Shin YA, Park SH, Jeong ST, Hwang JH (2004) Effect of soil waterlogging at three developmental stages on growth, fruit yield and physiological responses of oriental melon (Cucumis melon L. var. makuwa Makino). Horticult Sci Technol 22(1):1–6
Liang Y, Yang C, Ming F, Yu B, Cheng Z, Wang Y et al (2024) A bHLH transcription factor, CsSPT, regulates high-temperature resistance in cucumber. Horticult Plant J 10(2):503–514
Lin KH, Chen SP, Su YR, Tsai YH, Lin HH (2023) Waterlogging influences the physiology index and antioxidant enzyme activity in Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 65(1):43–55
Liu YH, Wu XH, Li GJ, Wang BG, Lu Z (2006) Effects of chilling and low light intensity on the seedling growth and physiological and biochemical characteristics of different ecotype gourd. Acta Agric Zhejiang 18(6):421
Liu Y, Bai L, Sun M, Wang J, Li S, Miao L et al (2021) Adaptation of cucumber seedlings to low temperature stress by reducing nitrate to ammonium during its transportation. BMC Plant Biol 21(1):1–16
Liu Z, Sun L, Liu Z, Li X (2024) Effect of exogenous melatonin on growth and antioxidant system of pumpkin seedlings under waterlogging stress. PeerJ 12:e17927
Loqué D, Tillard P, Gojon A, Lepetit M (2003) Gene expression of the NO3-transporter NRT1.1 and the nitrate reductase NIA1 is repressed in Arabidopsis roots by NO2−, the product of NO3–reduction. Plant Physiol 132(2):958–967
Lü J, Sui X, Ma S, Li X, Liu H, Zhang Z (2017) Suppression of cucumber stachyose synthase gene (CsSTS) inhibits phloem loading and reduces low temperature stress tolerance. Plant Mol Biol 95:1–15
Luomala EM, Särkkä L, Kaukoranta T (2007) Altered plant structure and greater yield of cucumber grown at elevated CO2 in a semi-closed greenhouse. In: International symposium on high technology for greenhouse system management: Greensys2007, pp 1339–1346
Marcelis LFM, Hofman-Eijer LRB (1993) Effect of temperature on the growth of individual cucumber fruits. Physiol Plant 87(3):321–328
Mashilo J, Odindo AO, Shimelis HA, Musenge P, Tesfay SZ, Magwaza LS (2018) Photosynthetic response of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) to drought stress: relationship between cucurbitacins accumulation and drought tolerance. Sci Hortic 231:133–143
Metwaly ESE, Al-Yasi HM, Ali EF, Farouk HA, Farouk S (2022) Deteriorating harmful effects of drought in cucumber by spraying glycinebetaine. Agriculture 12(12):2166
Miller FA, Fundo JF, Garcia E, Silva CL, Brandão TR (2021) Effect of gaseous ozone process on cantaloupe melon peel: assessment of quality and antilisterial indicators. Foods 10(4):727
Mina U, Smiti K, Yadav P (2021) Thermotolerant wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L. var. WR544) response to ozone, EDU, and particulate matter interactive exposure. Environ Monitor Assess 193(6):318
Mishra S, Singh S, Sharma RK, Agrawal SB (2010) The interactive effect of heavy metals and UV-B radiation on two cucumber cultivars. Turk J Biol 34(4):367–378
Mkhize P, Shimelis H, Mashilo J (2023) Cucurbitacins B, E and I concentrations and relationship with drought tolerance in bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (molina) standl.]. Plants 12(19):3492
Munns R (2002) Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ 25(2):239–250
Nagendran K, Mohankumar S, Aravintharaj R, Balaji CG, Manoranjitham SK, Singh AK, Rai AB, Singh B, Karthikeyan G (2017) The occurrence and distribution of major viruses infecting cucurbits in Tamil Nadu state, India. Crop Prot 99:10–16
Nasrabadi HN, Nemati H (2015) Temperature affects vigor and pollen viability of melon. Agric Biol Sci J 1(5):183–185
Naz HIRA, Akram NA, Ashraf M (2016) Impact of ascorbic acid on growth and some physiological attributes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants under water-deficit conditions. Pak J Bot 48(3):877–883
Niu Y, Liu Z, He H, Han X, Qi Z, Yang Y (2020) Gene expression and metabolic changes of Momordica charantia L. seedlings in response to low temperature stress. PLoS ONE 15(5):e0233130
Nover L, Bharti K, Döring P, Mishra SK, Ganguli A, Scharf KD (2001) Arabidopsis and the heat stress transcription factor world: how many heat stress transcription factors do we need? Cell Stress Chaperones 6(3):177
Okusanya OT (1978) The effects of light and temperature on germination and growth of Luffa aegyptiaca. Physiol Plant 44(4):429–433
Olorunwa OJ, Adhikari B, Brazel S, Popescu SC, Popescu GV, Barickman TC (2022) Short waterlogging events differently affect morphology and photosynthesis of two cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars. Front Plant Sci 13:896244
Papadopoulos AP, Hao X (2000) Effects of day and night air temperature on growth, productivity, and energy use of long English cucumber. Can J Plant Sci 80(1):143–150
Parvathi MS, Antony PD, Kutty MS (2022) Multiple stressors in vegetable production: insights for trait-based crop improvement in cucurbits. Front Plant Sci 13:861637
Peet MM (1986) Acclimation to high CO2 in monoecious cucumbers: I. Vegetative and reproductive growth plant. Physiology 80(1):59–62
Peng Y, Cui L, Wang Y, Wei L, Geng S, Chen H et al (2024) Pumpkin CmoDREB2A enhances salt tolerance of grafted cucumbers through interaction with CmoNAC1 to regulate H2O2 and ABA signaling and K+/Na+ homeostasis. Horticult Res 11(5):uhae057
Pereira LB, Tabaldi LA, Gonçalves JF, Jucoski GO, Pauletto MM, Weis SN et al (2006) Effect of aluminum on δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and the development of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Environ Exp Bot 57(1–2):106–115
Pesis E, Ng TJ (1984) The role of anaerobic respiration in germinating melon seeds II: effect of anoxia treatment and alcohol dehydrogenase activity. J Exp Bot 35:366–372
Piri E, Babaeian M, Tavassoli A, Esmaeilian Y (2011) Effects of UV irradiation on plants. Afr J Microbiol Res 5(14):1710–1716
Press Information Bureau, Government of India (2022) India’s horticulture production in 2021–22 (second advance estimates). https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/jul/doc202271470601.pdf
Qian M, Rosenqvist E, Flygare AM, Kalbina I, Teng Y, Jansen MA, Strid Å (2020) UV-A light induces a robust and dwarfed phenotype in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) without affecting fruit yield. Sci Horticult 263:109110
Radouane N, Ezrari S, Belabess Z, Tahiri A, Tahzima R, Massart S et al (2021) Viruses of cucurbit crops. Phytopathol Mediterr 60(3):493–520
Ramirez F, Kallarackal J (2015) Responses of fruit trees to global climate change. Springer, Cham
Raza A, Bashir S, Khare T, Karikari B, Copeland RG, Jamla M et al (2024) Temperature-smart plants: a new horizon with omics-driven plant breeding. Physiol Plant 176(1):e14188
Raza A, Khare T, Zhang X, Rahman MM, Hussain M, Gill SS et al (2025) Novel strategies for designing climate-smart crops to ensure sustainable agriculture and future food security. J Sustain Agric Environ 4(2):e70048
Rehman A, Weng J, Li P, Yu J, Rahman SU, Khalid M et al (2023) Differential response of two contrasting melon (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes to drought stress. J Plant Biol 66(6):519–534
Ren J, Li X, Dong C, Zheng P, Zhang N, Ji H et al (2024) Effect of ozone treatment on phenylpropanoid metabolism in harvested cantaloupes. J Food Sci 89(8):4914–4925
Rezaei EE, Webber H, Asseng S, Boote K, Durand JL, Ewert F et al (2023) Climate change impacts on crop yields. Nat Rev Earth Environ 4(12):831–846
Rudich J, Peles A (1976) Sex expression in watermelon as affected by photoperiod and temperature. Sci Hortic 5(4):339–344
Saroj PL, Choudhary BR (2020) Improvement in cucurbits for drought and heat stress tolerance—a review. Curr Horticult 8(2):3–13
Schultheis J, Averre C, Boyette M, Estes E, Holmes G, Monks D, Sorensen K (2016) Commercial production of pickling and slicing cucumbers in North Carolina (AG-552). North Carolina State Cooperative Extension
Sedgley M, Buttrose MS (1978) Some effects of light intensity, daylength, and temperature on flowering and pollen tube growth in the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Ann Bot 42(3):609–616
Setter TL, Waters I (2003) Review of prospects for germplasm improvement for waterlogging tolerance in wheat, barley, and oats. Plant Soil 253:1–34
Shams G, Ranjbar M, Amiri A (2013) Effect of silver nanoparticles on concentration of silver heavy element and growth indexes in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. negeen). J Nanopart Res 15:1–12
Shekari L, Aroiee H, Mirshekari A, Nemati H (2019) Protective role of selenium on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) exposed to cadmium and lead stress during reproductive stage. J Plant Nutr 42(5):529–542
Shibata H, Baba K, Ochiai H (1991) Near-UV irradiation induces shock proteins in Anacystis nidulans R-2: possible role of active oxygen. Plant Cell Physiol 32(6):771–776
Simini M, Simon JE, Reinert RA, Eason G (1989) Identification of ozone-induced injury on field-grown melons. HortScience 24(8):1045–1047
Singh KB, Foley RC, Oñate-Sánchez L (2002) Transcription factors in plant defense and stress responses. Curr Opin Plant Biol 5(5):430–436
Sinha NC, Patil BD (1986) Screening of barley varieties for drought resistance. Plant Breed 97(1):13–19
Sithole N, Modi AT (2015) Responses of selected bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina Standly)) landraces to water stress. Acta Agric Scand Sect B Soil Plant Sci 65(4):350–356
Sivritepe HÖ, Sivritepe N, Eriş A, Turhan E (2005) The effects of NaCl pre-treatments on salt tolerance of melons grown under long-term salinity. Sci Hortic 106(4):568–581
Snyder RG, Simon JE, Reinert RA, Simini M, Wilcox GE (1991) Effects of air quality on growth, yield, and quality of watermelon. HortScience 26(8):1045–1047
SOFI (2022) The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable. FAO, Rome
Song H, Li Y, Xu X, Zhang J, Zheng S, Hou L et al (2020) Analysis of genes related to chlorophyll metabolism under elevated CO2 in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Sci Hortic 261:108988
Spalholz H, Kubota C (2017) Rootstock affected in-and poststorage performance of grafted watermelon seedlings at low temperature. HortTechnology 27(1):93–98
Taffouo VD, Djiotie NL, Kenné M, Din N, Priso RJ, Dibong SD, Amougou A (2008) Effects of salt stress on physiological and agronomic characteristics of three tropical cucurbit species. J Appl Biosci 10(1):434–441
Tossi VE, Regalado JJ, Martínez J, Galván A, Tosar LM, Pitta-Alvarez SI et al (2024) UV-B alleviates postharvest chilling injury of zucchini fruit associated with a reduction in oxidative stress. Postharvest Biol Technol 212:112850
Trinetta V, Vaidya N, Linton R, Morgan M (2011) A comparative study on the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide gas, ozone gas, and e-beam irradiation treatments for inactivation of pathogens inoculated onto tomato, cantaloupe, and lettuce seeds. Int J Food Microbiol 146(2):203–206
Ulas F, Hama HHHHA, Ulas A (2024) Salt stress and its implications in vegetable crops with special reference to the Cucurbitaceae family. Ann Arid Zone 63(4):117–129
Unni PN, Daniel G, Nair SR (1992) Effect of heavy metals on field crops I: Effect of lead on germination, growth, and chlorophyll content in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). Int J Environ Stud 41(1–2):115–119
Vardhan KH, Kumar PS, Panda RC (2019) A review on heavy metal pollution, toxicity, and remedial measures: current trends and future perspectives. J Mol Liq 290:111197
von der Gathen P, Kivi R, Wohltmann I, Salawitch RJ, Rex M (2021) Climate change favours large seasonal loss of Arctic ozone. Nat Commun 12(1):3886
Wang S, Guo S, Li J, Hu X, Jiao Y (2006) Effects of salt stress on the root growth and leaf water use efficiency of cucumber seedlings. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao J Appl Ecol 17(10):1883–1888
Wang Y, Wu Y, Duan C, Chen P, Li Q, Dai S, Leng P (2012) The expression profiling of the CsPYL, CsPP2C, and CsSnRK2 gene families during fruit development and drought stress in cucumber. J Plant Physiol 169(18):1874–1882
Xu S, Li J, Zhang X, Wei H, Cui L (2006) Effects of heat acclimation pretreatment on changes of membrane lipid peroxidation, antioxidant metabolites, and ultrastructure of chloroplasts in two cool-season turfgrass species under heat stress. Environ Exp Bot 56(3):274–285
Xu Y, Yuan Y, Du N, Wang Y, Shu S, Sun J, Guo S (2018) Proteomic analysis of heat stress resistance of cucumber leaves when grafted onto Momordica rootstock. Hortic Res. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-018-0060-z
Xu M, Zhang Z, Jiao Y, Tu Y, Zhang X (2024) Genome-wide identification of vascular plant one-zinc-finger gene family in six Cucurbitaceae species and the role of CmoVOZ2 in salt and drought stress tolerance. Genes 15(3):307
Yamaguchi T, Blumwald E (2005) Developing salt-tolerant crop plants: challenges and opportunities. Trends Plant Sci 10(12):616–619
Yamasaki S, Noguchi N, Mimaki K (2007) Continuous UV-B irradiation induces morphological changes and the accumulation of polyphenolic compounds on the surface of cucumber cotyledons. J Radiat Res 48(6):443–454
Yang J, Kong Q, Xiang C (2009) Effects of low night temperature on pigments, chl a fluorescence, and energy allocation in two bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) genotypes. Acta Physiol Plant 31(2):285–293
Yang H, Kim Y, Bae Y, Hyeon S, Jang D (2024) Acclimation and hardness enhancement through ultraviolet-B irradiation of fruit vegetable seedlings grown in a plant factory with artificial light. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 65(5):771–783
Yeoung YR, Wilson DO, Murray GA (1995) Oxygen regulates imbibition of melon seeds. Seed Sci Technol 23:843–850
Zandalinas SI, Fritschi FB, Mittler R (2021) Global warming, climate change, and environmental pollution: recipe for a multifactorial stress combination disaster. Trends Plant Sci 26:588–599
Zhang N, Zhao B, Zhang HJ, Weeda S, Yang C, Yang ZC et al (2013) Melatonin promotes water-stress tolerance, lateral root formation, and seed germination in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). J Pineal Res 54(1):15–23
Zhang Z, Liu H, Zhai H, Zhang L, Jiao C (2019) Effect of ozone treatment on germination of tomato and cucumber seeds. J Northwest A & F Univ Nat Sci Edn 47(9):98–111
Zhang H, Zhang X, Dong C, Zhang N, Ban Z, Li L et al (2020) Effects of ozone treatment on SOD activity and genes in postharvest cantaloupe. RSC Adv 10(30):17452–17460
Zhang Z, Hou X, Gao R, Li Y, Ding Z, Huang Y et al (2024) CsSHMT3 gene enhances the growth and development in cucumber seedlings under salt stress. Plant Mol Biol 114(3):52
Zhu S, Xu W (2002) Ecophysiological effects of CO2 enrichment on bottle gourd in plastic house. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao J Appl Ecol 13(4):429–432
Zong L, Tedeschi A, Xue X, Wang T, Menenti M, Huang C (2011) Effect of different irrigation water salinities on some yield and quality components of two field-grown cucurbit species. Turk J Agric for 35(3):297–307
Karimzadegan V, Jalali Javaran V, Shams Bakhsh M, Jalali Javaran M (2019) The effect of methyl jasmonate and temperature on the transient expression of recombinant proteins in Cucurbita pepo L. Mol Biotechnol 61:84–92
Arazi T, Huang PL, Huang PL, Zhang L, Shiboleth YM, Gal-On A, Lee-Huang S (2002) Production of antiviral and antitumor proteins MAP30 and GAP31 in cucurbits using the plant virus vector ZYMV-AGII. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 292(2):441–448
Ajuru M, Nmom F (2017) A review on the economic uses of species of Cucurbitaceae and their sustainability in Nigeria. American J Plant biol 2(1):17–24
Alloune R, Balistrou M, Awad S, Loubar K, Tazerout M (2018) Performance, combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics investigation using Citrullus colocynthis L. biodiesel in DI diesel engine. J Energy Inst 91(3):434–444
Hunt JE, McNeil DL (1998) Nitrogen status affects UV-B sensitivity of cucumber. Funct Plant Biol 25(1):79–86
Mandizvo T, Mabhaudhi T, Mashilo J, Odindo AO (2024) Phytosterols Augment Endurance against Interactive Effects of Heat and Drought Stress on Biochemical Activities of Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (LH Bailey) Mansf. Ex Greb. Int J Plant Biol 15(3):783–806
Li QM, Liu BB, Wu Y, Zou ZR (2008) Interactive effects of drought stresses and elevated CO2 concentration on photochemistry efficiency of cucumber seedlings. J Integr Plant Biol 50(10):1307c1317
Liu BB, Li M, Li QM, Cui QQ, Zhang WD, Ai XZ, Bi HG (2018) Combined effects of elevated CO2 concentration and drought stress on photosynthetic performance and leaf structure of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings. Photosynthetica 56(3):942–952
School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India