Impact of farm yard manure on cropping cycle in a rainfed agroecosystem of Central Himalaya

, , , ,


Research Articles | Published:

Print ISSN : 0970-4078.
Online ISSN : 2229-4473.
Website:www.vegetosindia.org
Pub Email: contact@vegetosindia.org
Doi: 10.1007/s42535-020-00167-w
First Page: 249
Last Page: 262
Views: 2221


Keywords: Rainfed, FYM, Crop-season, Harvest index, Biomass, Yield


Abstract


Crops, livestock and forests are interlinked components of Central Himalayan agro-ecosystems. Traditionally, farm yard manure is produced from forest leaf litter and excreta of livestock obtaining > 50% feed from forests. Chemical fertilizers are not used in rainfed farms on slopes. Experiments were conducted to test whether increase in FYM input rates results improvement in economic and environmental functions of agro-ecosystems. Increase in FYM input rate from 30 t/ha/crop-season currently practiced by farmers to 60 t/ha/crop-season showed substantial increase in crop yield and soil quality. Rice and wheat were more responsive to FYM input than the legume black gram. Harvest index is maximum for 60 t/ha/crop-season FYM treatment for rice and wheat. In blackgram maximum harvest index was obtained when no FYM was provided. During the 3 years of study, soil pH decreased (becoming more acidic) as compared to that recorded at the start of the study. Soil organic carbon generally declined upto second kharif season and then improved during second rabi (fallow) under no input treatment, and 16t/ha/crop-season FYM treatment and levels of N, P and Mg too showed patterns similar to soil organic carbon, but the trends varied for Ca, Na and K. Soils of fields put to 0 and 16 t/ha/crop-season FYM treatments showed a net decrease in concentration of these elements and those put to 30 and 60 t/ha/crop-season FYM treatments showed increase in their level.



*Get Access

(*Only SPR Life Members can get full access.)

Advertisement

References


  1. Abe S, Hashimoto S, Umezane T, Yamaguchi T, Yamamoto S, Yamada S, Endo T, Nakata N (2016) Excessive application of farmyard manure reduces rice yield and enhances environmental pollution risk in paddy fields. Arch Agron Soil Sci 62:1208–1221

  2. Agbenin JO, Goladi JT (1997) Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics under continuous cultivation as influenced by savanna of northern Nigeria. Agr Ecosys Environ 36:17–24

  3. Alemu G, Bayu W (2005) Effect of farm yard manure and combined N and P fertilizer on Sorghum and soil characteristics in northern Ethiopia. J Sustain Agric 26:23–41

  4. Allen SE (1974) Chemical analysis of ecological materials. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford

  5. Anderson JM, Ingram JSI (1989) Tropical soil biology and fertility: A handbook of methods. CAB, International, Wallingford, Oxon

  6. Bhadauria T, Kumar P, Maikhuri R, Saxena KG (2014) Effect of application of vermicompost and conventional compost derived from different residues on pea crop production and soil faunal diversity in agricultural system in Garhwal Himalayas India. Nat Sci 6:433–446

  7. Bhandari AL, Ladha JK, Pathak H, Padre AT, Dawe D, Gupta RK (2002) Yield and soil nutrient changes in a long-term rice-wheat rotation in India. Soil Sci Soc Am J 66:162–170

  8. Blanchet G, Gavazov K, Bragazza L, Sinaj S (2016) Responses of soil properties and crop yields to different inorganic and organic amendments in a Swiss conventional farming system. Agr Ecosyst Environ 230:116–126

  9. Chandra A (2007) Traditional agrodiversity management in central Himalayan village ecosystem. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

  10. Chandra A, Pardha-Saradhi P, Maikhuri RK, Saxena KG, Rao KS (2010b) Assessment of monetary budget in traditional agrodiversity management: a case study of central Himalayan village ecosystem. Phytomorphology 60:137–149

  11. Chandra A, Kandari LS, Payal KC, Maikhuri RK, Rao KS, Saxena KG (2010a) Conservation and sustainable management of traditional ecosystems in Garhwal Himalaya, India, New York. Sci J 3(2):71–77

  12. Chandra A, Pardha-Saradhi P, Maikhuri RK, Saxena KG, Rao KS (2011a) Traditional agrodiversity management: a case study of central Himalayan village ecosystem. J Mount Sci 08:62–74

  13. Chandra A, Pardha-Saradhi P, Rao KS, Saxena KG, Maikhuri RK (2011b) An investigation into the energy use in relation to yield of traditional crops in central Himalayas, India. Biomass Bioenergy 35:2044–2052

  14. Chandra A, Kandari LS, Rao KS, Saxena KG (2011c) Assessment of socio-economical status and its impact on land use management in Central Himalaya. Asian J Agric Res 5(4):234–242

  15. Chandra A, Kandari LS, Negi VS, Maikhuri RK, Rao KS (2013) Role of intercropping on production and land use efficiency in the central Himalaya, India. Environ Int J Sci Technol 8:105–113

  16. Datta A, Mandal B, Basak N, Badole S, Chaitanya K, Majumder S, Thakur N, Kumar P, Kachroo D (2018) Soil carbon pools under long-term rice-wheat cropping system in Inceptisols of Indian Himalayas. Arch Agron Soil Sci 64:1315–1320

  17. Dinakaran J, Chandra A, Chamoli KP, Deka J, Rao KS (2018) Soil organic carbon stabilization changes with an altitude gradient of land cover types in central Himalaya, India. Catena 170:374–385

  18. Dinakaran J, Chandra A, Vikram K, Chamoli K, Tambat S, Rao KS (2019) Responses of soil carbon, nitrogen, microbial activity, bacterial community composition and grain yield to farmyard manure amendments in a rainfed agriculture (Paddy) system of Himalaya. Vegetos 32:620–634

  19. Gomez K, Gomez A (1984) Statistical procedures for agricultural research. Wiley, New York

  20. Gopalan C, Ramashastri BV, Balasubramaninan SC, Rao BSN, Deosthale YG, Pant KC (2004) Nutritive value of indian foods. National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad

  21. Gupta AP, Narwal RP, Antil RS (2003) Influence of soil organic matter on the productivity of pearl millet-wheat cropping system. Arch Agron Soil Sci 49:325–332

  22. Han P, Zhang W, Wang G, Sun W, Huang Y (2016) Changes in soil organic carbon in croplands subjected to fertilizer management: a global meta-analysis. Sci Rep 6:27199. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27199

  23. Hartmann M, Frey B, Mayer J, Mäder P, Widmer F (2015) Distinct soil microbial diversity under long-term organic and conventional farming. ISME J 9:1177–1194

  24. Jackson ML (2005) Soil chemical analysis, 2nd edn. Parallel Press, University of Wisconsin, Madison Lib, Wisconsin

  25. Kiani MJ, Abbasi MK, Rahim N (2005) Use of organic manure with mineral N fertilizer increases wheat yield at Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Arch Agron Soil Sci 51:299–309

  26. Kundu S, Bhattacharya R, Prakash V, Gupta HS, Pathak H, Ladha JK (2007) Longterm yield trend and sustainability of rainfed soybean-wheat system through farmyard manure application in a sandy loam soil of the Indian Himalayas. Biol Fertil Soils 43:271–280

  27. Kundu S, Bhattacharya R, Prakash V, Ghosh BN, Gupta HS (2007) Carbon sequestration and relationship between carbon additions and storage under rainfed soybean-wheat rotation in a sandy loam soil of the Indian Himalayas. Soil Tillage Res 92:87–92

  28. Ladha JK, Dawe D, Pathak H, Padre AT, Yadav RL, Singh B, Singh Y, Singh Y, Singh P, Kundu AL, Sakal R, Ram N, Regmi AP, Gami SK, Bhandari AL, Amin R, Yadav CR, Bhattarai EM, Das S, Aggarwal HP, Gupta RK, Hobbs PR (2003) How extensive are yield declines in long-term rice-wheat experiments in Asia? Field Crop Res 81:159–180

  29. Laishram J, Maikhuri RK, Rao KS, Saxena KG (2009) Land use intensification in Indian Himalaya: Meaning, measurement and implications. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 35:35–52

  30. Laishram J, Saxena KG, Rao KS (2020) Rice cultivar diversity, associated Indigenous knowledge and management practices in a lowland village landscape from north-eastern India. Vegetos 33:172–186

  31. Lal R (2004) Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science 304:1623–1627

  32. Liu E, Yan C, Mei X, Zhang Y, Fan T (2013) Long-term effect of manure and fertilizer on soil organic carbon pools in dryland farming in northwest China. PLoS ONE 8:e56536

  33. Luo X, Fu X, Yang Y, Cai P, Peng S, Chen W, Huang Q (2016) Microbial communities play important roles in modulating paddy soil fertility. Sci Rep 6:20326. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20326

  34. Mahanta D, Bhattacharyya R, Gopinath K, Tuti M, Mina B, Pandey B, Mishra P, Bisht J, Srivastva A, Bhatt J (2013) Influence of farmyard manure application and mineral fertilization on yield sustainability, carbon sequestration potential and soil property of Gardenpea–French bean cropping system in the Indian Himalayas. Sci Hortic 164:414–427

  35. Maikhuri RK, Rao KS, Semwal RL (2001) Changing scenario of Himalayan agroecosystems: loss of agrobiodiversity, an indicator of environmental change in Central Himalayas. Environ 21:23–39

  36. Maikhuri RK, Rawat LS, Semwal RL, Rao KS, Saxena KG (2015) Organic farming in Uttarakhand Himalaya, India. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 41:161–176

  37. Mandal KG, Hati KM, Misra AK (2009) Biomass yield and energy analysis of soybean production in relation to fertilizer-NPK and organic manure. Biomass Bioenergy 33:1670–1679

  38. Meertens HCC, Kajiu GJ, Ndege LJ, Enserink HJ, Brouwer J (2003) Evalution of on-farm soil fertility resource in the rainfed lowland rice fields of Sukumaland. Tanzania Exp Agric 39:65–79

  39. Mushtaqe S, Hafeez M, Khair SM (2007) Determination of optimal input usage into the wheat production for Kareze irrigation in the BalaChistan, Pakistan. Asian J Plant Sci 6:809–814

  40. Nambiar KKM (1994) Soil fertility and crop productivity under long-term fertilizer use in India. ICAR, New Delhi

  41. Nayak D, Babu Y, Adhya T (2007) Long-term application of compost influences microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a tropical Aeric Endoaquept planted to rice under flooded condition. Soil Biol Biochem 39:1897–1906

  42. Negi VS, Maikhuri RK, Rawat LS, Bahuguna A (2009) Traditional agriculture in transition: a case of Har-ki Doon Valley (Govind Pashu Vihar Sanctury and National Park) in central Himalaya. Int J Sustain Dev World Ecol 16:313–321

  43. Ouédraogo E, Mando A, Zombré NP (2001) Use of compost to improve soil properties and crop productivity under low input agricultural system in West Africa. Agr Ecosys Environ 84:259–266

  44. Rao KS, Nautiyal S, Maikhuri RK, Saxena KG (2005) Resource flows of villages with contrasting lifestyles in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Central Himalaya, India. J Mount Sci 2:271–293

  45. Rao KS, Saxena KG, Tiwari BK (2016) Biodiversity, climate change and socio-economic development in the Indian Himalaya: an overview. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun

  46. Rautaray SK, Ghosh BC, Mittra BN (2003) Effect of fly ash, organic wastes and chemical fertilizers on yield, nutrient uptake, heavy metal content and residual fertility in a rice–mustard cropping sequence under acid lateritic soils. Bioresour Technol 90:275–283

  47. Saxena KG, Rao KS (2016) Soil biodiversity: inventory, functions and management. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun

  48. Saxena KG, Maikhuri RK, Rao KS (2005) Changes in agricultural biodiversity: implications for sustainable livelihood in the Himalaya. J Mount Sci 2:23–31

  49. Semwal RL, Maikhuri RK (1996) Agroecosystem analysis of Garhwal Hiamalaya. Biol Agric Hort 13:267–289

  50. Sen KK, Rao KS, Saxena KG (1997) Soil erosion due to settled upland farming in the Himalaya: a case study in Pranmati watershed. Int J Sustain Dev World Ecol 4:65–74

  51. Shah Z, Ahmad MI (2006) Effect of integrated use of farm yard manure and urea on yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat. J Agric Biol Sci 1:60–65

  52. Sharma A, Sharma JJ (2004) Influence of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) under high hill dry temperature conditions. Indian J Agric Sci 74:465–467

  53. Sharma A, Sharma RP, Sood S, Sharma JJ (2003) Influence of integrated use of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and farmyard manure on yield-attributing traits and marketable yield of carrot (Daucuscarota) under high hills dry temperate condition of north-western Himalayas. Indian J Agric Sci 73:500–503

  54. Sherchand DP, Pilbeam CJ, Gregory PL (1999) Response of wheat/rice and maize/millet system to fertilizer and manure applications in mid-hills of Nepal. Exp Agric 35:1–13

  55. Shrestha KK, Ladha JK, Gami SK (2006) Total and organic soil carbon in cropping systems of Nepal. Nut Cycl Agroecosyst 75:257–269

  56. Singh H, Mishra D, Nahar NM (2002) Energy use pattern in production agriculture of a typical village in Arid zone India. Energy Convers Manag 43:2275–2286

  57. Singh Y, Singh B, Ladha JK, Khind CS, Gupta RK, Meelu OP, Pasuquin E (2004) Long-term effect of organic inputs on yield and soil fertility in rice –wheat rotation. Soil Sci Soc Am J 68:845–853

  58. Singh S, Ghoshal N, Singh KP (2007) Synchronizing nitrogen availability through application of organic inputs of varying resource quality in a tropical dryland agroecosystem. Appl Soil Ecol 36:164–175

  59. Singh D, Akhtar Z, Gupta S, Srivastava A, Chakraborty M (2017) Production strategies of organic basmati rice in Tarai region of Uttarakhand, India. Org Agric 7:21–30

  60. Tripathi RS, Sah VK (2001) Material and energy flows in high-hill, mid-hill and valley farming systems of Garhwal Himalaya. Agr Ecosys Environ 86:75–91

  61. Walkley A, Black LA (1934) An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37:29–38

  62. Wani SP, Rupela OP, Lee K (1995) Sustainable agriculture in the semi-arid tropics through biological nitrogen fixation in grain legumes. Plant Soil 174:29–49

  63. Yadav RL, Yadav DJ, Singh RM, Kumar A (1998) Long term effects of inorganic fertilizer inputs on crop productivity in a rice-wheat cropping system. Nut Cycling Agroecosyst 51:1385–1314

  64. Zingore S, Muriwina HK, Delve RJ, Gillar KE (2007) Influence nutrient management strategies on variability of soil fertility, crop yield and nutrient balances on small holder farms in Zimbabwe. Agr Ecosys Environ 119:112–126


  65.  


Acknowledgements


The authors are thankful to the residents of the study area for their participation in the research work and to the TSBF/UNEP/GEF for providing partial financial support.


Author Information


Chandra Abhishek
Department of Environmental Sciences, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
ac.india@gmail.com
Pardha-Saradhi P.
Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India


Maikhuri R. K.
Department of Environmental Sciences, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (The Central University), Srinagar, India


Saxena K. G.
School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India


Rao K. S.
Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India