Vegetos
(An International Journal of Plant Research & Biotechnology)
Phytochemical profiling of essential oils in wild indigenous populations of Arum conophalloides from Western Iran
*Article not assigned to an issue yet
Research Articles | Published: 05 March, 2026
First Page: 0
Last Page: 0
Views: 193
Keywords: Phytochemicals, n Arum conophalloidesn , Essential oils, GC-MS, Medicinal plant, Ethnobotany
Abstract
Arum conophalloides Kotschy ex Schott, commonly known as Kardeh in Persian and Haaz in Kurdish, is a springtime wild vegetable traditionally featured in local dishes throughout western Iran. This study aimed to characterize the essential oil (EOs) composition of A. conophalloides and assess the influence of geographic origin on its phytochemical profile. Seventeen specimens were collected in spring 2024 from six distinct regions in western Iran and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results revealed significant regional variation in both the number and relative abundance of identified compounds: 39 compounds in Kermanshah, 48 in Dalahoo, 37 in Paveh, 24 in Ravansar, 54 in Sanandaj, and 40 in Marivan. The dominant compounds varied by location, with Borneol, 1,6-Octadien-3-ol (3,7-dimethyl), Eucalyptol, and Decane showing the highest percentages across different regions. The essential oil compositions evaluated in the dendrogram were classified into two main clusters, indicating the diversity of compositions among the different populations. These findings underscore the significant impact of environmental and geographic factors on the chemical composition of A. conophalloides, suggesting that habitat diversity plays a key role in shaping its phytochemical characteristics. These findings can guide applications in pharmacognosy, nutrition, and cultivation.
References
Amiri MS, Joharchi MR (2013) Ethnobotanical investigation of traditional medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of Mashhad, Iran. Avicenna J Phytomed 3:254–271
Atanasov AG, Zotchev SB, Dirsch VM, Supuran CT (2021) Natural products in drug discovery: advances and opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov 20:200–216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-00114-z
Baher ZF, Mirza M, Ghorbanli M, Rezaii MB (2002) The essential oil composition of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch from Iran. Flavour Fragr J 17:312–314
Baptista-Silva S, Borges S, Ramos OL, Pintado M, Sarmento B (2020) The progress of essential oils as potential therapeutic agent: a review. J Essent Oil Res 32:279–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2020.1746698
Bogner J, Boyce P (2008) Eminium jaegeri (Araceae), a new species from Northwestern Iran. Willdenowia 38:149
Boyce PC (1993) The genus arum: a kew magazine monograph. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Croat TB (1988) Ecology and life forms of araceae. Aroideana 11:4–55
Dehghani L, Fattahi M, Ashrafi-Saeidlou S (2025) Morpho-phytochemical screening and biological assessments of aerial parts of Iranian populations of wild Carrot (Daucus Carota L. subsp. Carota). Sci Rep 15:12619
Derakhshanfar A, Moayedi J, Vahedi M, Valizadeh A (2020) Arum Conophalloides aqueous extract induced hepatotoxicity in rat; histopathological, biochemical, and mir-122 assessments. MicroRNA 9:224–231. https://doi.org/10.2174/2211536608666191016142400
Dhifi W, Bellili S, Jazi S, Bahloul N, Mnif W (2016) Essential oils’ chemical characterization and investigation of some biological activities: a critical review. Medicines 3:25. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3040025
Dündar E, Köse YB, Agiel N, Demirci B (2024) The influence of soil properties on essential oil components of Hypericum perforatum L. growing in Turkey. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 27:1633–1641. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2024.2413955
Fattahpour B, Fattahi M, Hassani A (2024) Essential oil composition, morphological characterization, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Iranian populations of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. (Lamiaceae). Sci Rep 14:7239. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57826-0
Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, Pedro LG, Scheffer JJ (2008) Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Fragr J 23:213–226
Flamini G, Cioni PL, Morelli I, Maccioni S, Baldini R (2005) Phytochemical typologies in some populations of Arum italicum miller from Sardinia. Biochem Syst Ecol 33:159–166
Galan DM, Ezeudu NE, Garcia J, Geronimo CA, Berry NM, Malcolm BJ (2020) Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole): an underutilized ally in respiratory disorders? J Essent Oil Res 32:103–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2020.1716867
Gheibi SA, Alirezalu A, Shirzad H, Iaccarino N, Romano F, Amato J, Alipour H (2025) Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant potential, and UHPLC-HRMS analysis of phlomis genus aerial parts for therapeutic applications. Sci Rep 15:6732. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89055-4
Gheisary B, Fattahi M, Alipour H (2025) Ascophyllum nodosum L. extract alleviates drought stress by enhancing physio-biochemical properties and antioxidant activity in Italian viper’s Bugloss (Echium italicum L). Ind Crops Prod 228:120864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.120864
Haghighi H (2016) Essential oil of the leaves of Arum Conophalloides (Araceae) from Iran. Iran. J Pharm Sci 12:11–16. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijps.v12.40718
Hazrati S, Hosseini SJ, Ebadi M-T, Nicola S (2022) Evolution of phytochemical variation in Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) organs during different phenological stages. Horticulturae 8:757. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090757
Hazrati S, Mousavi Z, Nicola S (2024) Harvest time optimization for medicinal and aromatic plant secondary metabolites. Plant Physiol Biochem 212:108735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108735
Henriquez CL, Arias T, Pires JC, Croat TB, Schaal BA (2014) Phylogenomics of the plant family araceae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 75:91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.017
Javidnia K, Miri R, Soltani M, Khosravi AR (2010) Essential oil composition of Biebersteinia multifida DC. (Biebersteiniaceae) from Iran. J Essent Oil Res 22:611–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2010.9700413
Joudi Ghezeljeh Meidan L, Mehregan I, Assadi M, Farajzadeh D (2016) Molecular phylogeny of the family araceae as inferred from the nuclear ribosomal ITS data. Iran J Genet Plant Breed 5:32–39
Juergens UR, Dethlefsen U, Steinkamp G, Gillissen A, Repges R, Vetter H (2003) Anti-inflammatory activity of 1.8-cineol (eucalyptol) in bronchial asthma: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Respir Med 97:250–256
Kianinia S, Farjam MH (2018) Chemical and biological evolution of essential oil of Arum maculatum. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Sci 42:395–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-016-0051-6
Kundu A, Laskar S (2010) A brief resume on the genus Arum L. Int J Bot 6:435–440
Mocan A, Babotă M, Pop A, Fizeșan I, Diuzheva A, Locatelli M, Carradori S, Campestre C, Menghini L, Sisea CR, Sokovic M, Zengin G, Păltinean R, Bădărău S, Vodnar DC, Crișan G (2020) Chemical constituents and biologic activities of sage species: A comparison between Salvia officinalis L., S. glutinosa L. and S. transsylvanica (Schur ex Griseb. & Schenk) Schur. Antioxidants 9:480. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060480
Modareskia M, Fattahi M, Mirjalili MH (2022) Thymol screening, phenolic contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Iranian populations of Trachyspermum Ammi (L.) Sprague (Apiaceae). Sci Rep 12:15645. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19594-7
Moore BD, Andrew RL, Külheim C, Foley WJ (2014) Explaining intraspecific diversity in plant secondary metabolites in an ecological context. New Phytol 201:733–750. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12526
Moshari-Nasirkandi A, Iaccarino N, Romano F, Graziani G, Alirezalu A, Alipour H, Amato J (2024) Chemometrics-based analysis of the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of Salvia species from Iran. Sci Rep 14:17317. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68421-8
Newman DJ, Cragg GM (2020) Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019. J Nat Prod 83:770–803. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01285
Ninkovic V, Markovic T, Rensing M (2021) Plant volatile organic compounds in biotic stress signaling. Plant Cell Environ 44:1035–1049
Petit C, Freville H, Mignot A, Colas B, Riba M, Imbert E, Hurtrez-Boussès S, Virevaire M, Olivieri I (2005) Gene flow and local adaptation in two endemic plant species. Evolution 59:2518–2532. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00204-4
Ramakrishna A, Ravishankar GA (2011) Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signal Behav 6:1720–1731. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.6.11.17613
Santos FA, Rao VS (2000) Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of 1,8-cineole, a terpenoid oxide present in many plant essential oils. Phytother Res 14:240–244. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200006)14:4%3C240::aid-ptr573%3E3.0.co;2-x
Sangwan NS, Farooqi AHA, Shabih F, Sangwan RS (2001) Regulation of essential oil production in plants. Plant Growth Regul 34:3–21. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013386921596
Tursun AO (2022) Impact of soil types on chemical composition of essential oil of purple Basil. Saudi J Biol Sci 29:103314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103314
Author Information
Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran