Vegetos

---

Review Articles | Published: 26 November, 2025

References

---

Abdel-Wareth MT, Abd El-Hamid RM (2016) Mycoremediation of chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin by two species of filamentous fungi. Int J Environ Stud 73(6):974–987. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2016.1220721


Abraham J, Silambarasan S (2016) Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysis product 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol using a novel bacterium Ochrobactrum sp. JAS2: a proposal of its metabolic pathway. Pestic Biochem Physiol 126:13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.07.001


Abraham J, Silambarasan S (2018) Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol by fungal consortium isolated from paddy field soil. Environ Engin Manag J 17(3):523–528


Abraham J, Shanker A, Silambarasan S (2013) Role of Gordonia sp., JAAS1 in biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysing metabolite 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Lett Appl Microbiol 57(6):510–516. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12141


Adams GO, Fufeyin PT, Okoro SE, Ehinomen I (2015) Bioremediation, biostimulation and bioaugmention: a review. Int J Environ Bioremediat Biodegradat 3(1):28–39


Ahir UN, Vyas TK, Gandhi KD, Faldu PR, Patel KG (2020) In vitro efficacy for chlorpyrifos degradation by novel isolate Tistrella sp., auc10 isolated from chlorpyrifos contaminated field. Curr Microbiol 77:2226–2232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-01998-1


Alizadeh R, Rafati L, Ebrahimi AA, Sedighi Khavidak S (2018) Chlorpyrifos bioremediation in the environment: a review article. J Environ Health Sustain Dev 3(3):606–615


Alvarenga N, Birolli WG, Nitschke M, Rezende MODO, Seleghim MHR, Porto ALM (2015) Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by whole cells of marine-derived fungi Aspergillus sydowii and Trichoderma sp. J Microb Biochem Technol 7:133–139. https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000194


Ambreen S, Yasmin A (2021) Novel degradation pathways for chlorpyrifos and 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol degradation by bacterial strain Bacillus thuringiensis MB497 isolated from agricultural fields of Mianwali, Pakistan. Pestic Biochem Physiol 172:104750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104750





Asamba MN, Mugendi EN, Oshule PS, Essuman S, Chimbevo LM, Atego NA (2022) Molecular characterization of chlorpyrifos degrading bacteria isolated from contaminated dairy farm soils in Nakuru County. Kenya Heliyon 8:3


Aswathi A, Pandey A, Sukumaran RK (2019) Rapid degradation of the organophosphate pesticide–Chlorpyrifos by a novel strain of Pseudomonas nitroreducens AR-3. Bioresour Technol 292:122025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122025


Baker S, Satish S (2012) Endophytes: toward a vision in synthesis of nanoparticle for future therapeutic agents. Int J Bio-Inorg Hybd Nanomat 1(2):67–77


Baker S, Vinayaka AC, Manonmani HK, Thakur MS (2012) Development of dipstick-based immuno-chemiluminescence techniques for the rapid detection of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Luminescence 27(6):524–529. https://doi.org/10.1002/bio.1389


Baker S, Volova T, Prudnikova SV, Satish S, Prasad N (2017) Nanoagroparticles emerging trends and future prospect in modern agriculture system. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 53:10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.04.012








Bano K, Kaushal S, Singh PP (2021) A review on photocatalytic degradation of hazardous pesticides using heterojunctions. Polyhedron 209:115465


Barman DN, Haque MA, Islam SMA, Yun HD, Kim MK (2014) Cloning and expression of oph gene encoding organophosphorus hydrolase from endophytic Pseudomonas sp., BF1-3 degrades organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 108:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.023


Bhagobaty RK, Joshi SR, Malik A (2007) Microbial degradation of organophosphorous pesticide: chlorpyrifos (mini-review). J Microbiol 4(1):1–12





Bhende RS, Jhariya U, Srivastava S, Bombaywala S, Das S, Dafale NA (2022) Environmental distribution, metabolic fate, and degradation mechanism of chlorpyrifos: recent and future perspectives. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-021-03713-7


Bisht J, Harsh NSK, Palni LMS, Agnihotri V, Kumar A (2019) Biodegradation of chlorinated organic pesticides endosulfan and chlorpyrifos in soil extract broth using fungi. Remediat J 29(3):63–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21599


Bose S, Kumar PS, Vo DVN (2021) A review on the microbial degradation of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite TCP. Chemosphere 283:131447


Brien O, D R, (2013) Toxic phosphorus esters: Chemistry, metabolism, and biological effects. Elsevier, Amsterdam


Budarz JF, Cooper EM, Gardner C, Hodzic E, Ferguson PL, Gunsch CK, Wiesner MR (2019) Chlorpyrifos degradation via photoreactive TiO2 nanoparticles: assessing the impact of a multi-component degradation scenario. J Hazard Mater 372:61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.028


Chen S, Liu C, Peng C, Liu H, Hu M, Zhong G (2012) Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysis product 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol by a new fungal strain Cladosporium cladosporioides Hu-01. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047205


Chen SL, Yu H, Luo HM, Wu Q, Li CF, Steinmetz A (2016) Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants: problems, progress, and prospects. Chin Med 11:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-016-0108-7


Chishti Z, Hussain S, Arshad KR, Khalid A, Arshad M (2013) Microbial degradation of chlorpyrifos in liquid media and soil. J Environ Manage 114:372–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.032


Chishti Z, Ahmad Z, Zhang X, Jha SK (2021) Optimization of biotic and abiotic factors liable for biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and their modeling using neural network approaches. Appl Soil Ecol 166:103990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2021.103990





Cortina-Puig M, Istamboulie G, Noguer T, Marty JL (2010) Analysis of pesticide mixtures using intelligent biosensors. Intelligent and Biosensors 205–216.








Dubey S, Dhanya MS (2023) Chlorpyrifos degradation in semi-arid soil by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CD5 isolated from manured soil. Soil and Sediment Contamination Int J 32(4):460–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2022.2098253


Duraisamy K, Muthusamy S, Balakrishnan S (2018) An eco-friendly detoxification of chlorpyrifos by Bacillus cereus MCAS02 native isolate from agricultural soil, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 13:283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2018.01.001


El-sayed GM, Abosereih NA, Ibrahim SA, El-Razik A, Ashraf B, Hammad MA, Hafez FM (2019) Cloning of the organophosphorus hydrolase (oph) gene and enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation in the Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain GH9OP via mutation induction. Jordan J Biol Sci 12(3):301–315


Elshikh MS, Alarjani KM, Huessien DS, Elnahas HA, Esther AR (2022) Enhanced biodegradation of Chlorpyrifos by Bacillus cereus CP6 and Klebsiella pneumoniae CP19 from municipal waste water. Environ Res 205:112438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112438





Farhan M, Ahmad M, Kanwal A, Butt ZA, Khan QF, Raza SA, Wahid A (2021) Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos using isolates from contaminated agricultural soil, its kinetic studies. Sci Rep 11(1):10320. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88264-x


Fauriah R, Amin N, Daud ID, Harsanti ES (2021) The potential of endophytic fungi as biodegradation of chlorpyrifos in shallots, In IOP Conference Series. Ear Environ Sci 807(3):032058


Feng F, Ge J, Li Y, He S, Zhong J, Liu X, Yu X (2017a) Enhanced degradation of chlorpyrifos in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by five strains of endophytic bacteria and their plant growth promotional ability. Chemosphere 184:505–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.178


Feng F, Li Y, Ge J, Chen J, Jiang W, He S, Yu X (2017b) Degradation of chlorpyrifos by an endophytic bacterium of the Sphingomonas genus (strain HJY) isolated from Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum). J Environ Sci Health B 52(10):736–744. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.1356675


Foong SY, Ma NL, Lam SS, Peng W, Low F, Lee BH, Sonne C (2020) A recent global review of hazardous chlorpyrifos pesticide in fruit and vegetables: prevalence, remediation and actions needed. J Hazard Mater 400:123006


Gaonkar O, Nambi IM, Suresh Kumar G (2019) Biodegradation kinetics of dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos by enriched bacterial cultures from an agricultural soil. Bioremediat J 23(4):259–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/10889868.2019.1671791


George N, Chauhan PS, Sondhi S, Saini S, Puri N, Gupta N (2014) Biodegradation and analytical methods for detection of organophosphorous pesticide: chlorpyrifos. Int J Pure Appl Sci Technol 20(2):79


Ghosh S, Sarkar B (2023) Microbial enzymes for biodegradation and detoxification of pesticides. In: Curr Develop Biotechnol Bioeng 321-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91900-5.00015-1


Gibson JE, Peterson RK, Shurdut BA (1998) Human exposure and risk from indoor use of chlorpyrifos. EHP 106(6):303–306


Gilani STS, Ageen M, Shah H, Raza S (2010) Chlorpyrifos degradation in soil and its effect on soil microorganisms. JAPS 20(2):99–102


Gilani RA, Rafique M, Rehman A, Munis MFH, Rehman SU, Chaudhary HJ (2016) Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by bacterial genus Pseudomonas. J Microbiol 56(2):105–119. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201500336


Govarthanan M, Ameen F, Kamala-Kannan S, Selvankumar T, Almansob A, Alwakeel SS, Kim W (2020) Rapid biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by plant growth-promoting psychrophilic Shewanella sp. BT05: an eco-friendly approach to clean up pesticide-contaminated environment. Chemosphere 247:125948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125948


Hadibarata T, Kristanti RA, Bilal M, Yilmaz M, Sathishkumar P (2023) Biodegradation mechanism of chlorpyrifos by halophilic bacterium Hortaea sp. B15. Chemosphere 312:137260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137260


Haque MA, Hossain MS, Ahmad I, Akbor MA, Rahman A, Manir MS, Cho KM (2022) Unveiling chlorpyrifos mineralizing and tomato plant-growth activities of Enterobacter sp., strain HSTU-ASh6 using biochemical tests, field experiments, genomics, and in silico analyses. Front Microbiol 13:1060554. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1060554





Hasan NFN, Wan Hanafi WN, Safian MF, Zainal Ariffin Z (2024) Diversity of chlorpyrifos-degrading fungi isolated from chlorpyrifos-contaminated agricultural soil. Sci Lett 18(1):10–20


Hayat R, Ali S, Amara U, Khalid R, Ahmed I (2010) Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Ann Microbiol 60:579–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-010-0117-1


He F (2018) Response surface methodology for the optimization of chlorpyrifos-degrading conditions by Pseudomonas stutzeri ZH-1. Oalib 5(03):1


Hindumathy CK, Gayathri V (2013) Effect of pesticide (Chlorpyrifos) on soil microbial Flora and pesticide degradation by strains isolated from contaminated soil. J Bioremediat Biodegrada 4:2


Hites RA (2021) The rise and fall of chlorpyrifos in the United States. Environ Sci Technol 55(3):1354–1358. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06579


Hossain MS, Chowdhury MAZ, Pramanik MK, Rahman MA, Fakhruddin ANM, Alam MK (2016) Determination of selected pesticides in water samples adjacent to agricultural fields and removal of organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos using soil bacterial isolates. Appl Water Sci 5:171–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0178-6


Huang Y, Zhang W, Pang S, Chen J, Bhatt P, Mishra S, Chen S (2021) Insights into the microbial degradation and catalytic mechanisms of chlorpyrifos. Environ Res 194:110660


Jabeen H, Iqbal S, Ahmad F, Afzal M, Firdous S (2016) Enhanced remediation of chlorpyrifos by ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and a chlorpyrifos degrading bacterial endophyte Mezorhizobium sp. HN3. Int J Phytoremediation 18(2):126–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2015.1073666


Jain RK, Kapur M, Labana S, Lal B, Sarma PM, Bhattacharya D, Thakur LS (2005) Microbial diversity: application of microorganisms for the biodegradation of xenobiotics. Curr Sci 89:101–112


Jaiswal S, Bara JK, Soni R, Shrivastava K (2017) Bioremediation of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil by microorganism. Int J Environ Agri Biotechnol 2(4):238833. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.21


Jha SK, Chishti Z, Ahmad Z (2022) Enterobacter sp. SWLC2 for biodegradation of chlorpyrifos in the aqueous medium: modeling of the process using artificial neural network approaches. Comput Electron Agric 193:106680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106680


John EM, Sreekumar J, Jisha MS (2016) Optimization of chlorpyrifos degradation by assembled bacterial consortium using response surface methodology. Soil Sediment Contam Int J 25(6):668–682. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2016.1190684


Jokar SH, Shavandi M, Haddadi A, Alaie E (2022) Remediation of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin in different salinity soils and its impact on soil bacterial composition. Int J Environ Sci Technol 19(12):12057–12068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04400-8


Joseph JT, Shobana CS, Sekhar D, Suresh S, Poothenchery S, Selvam KP, Manikandan P (2024) Exploration of Cladosporium uredinicola GRDBF21 and Bipolaris maydis GRDBF23 in biodegradation of the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos. J King Saud Univ Sci 36(7):103252


Kalita MK, Haloi K, Devi D (2016) Larval exposure to chlorpyrifos affects nutritional physiology and induces genotoxicity in silkworm Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Front Physiol 7:535


Karolin KP, Meenakumari KS, Subha P (2015) Isolation and characterization of novel chlorpyrifos degrading fungus Isaria farinosa. J Chem Eng 9:403–407


Kaushal J, Khatri M, Arya SK (2021) A treatise on organophosphate pesticide pollution: current strategies and advancements in their environmental degradation and elimination. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 207:111483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111483





Kumar G, Lal S, Maurya SK, Bhattacherjee AK (2021a) Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by rhizobacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae M11 isolated from subtropical agricultural land. Krishi Sci 2:1865


Kumar M, Yadav AN, Saxena R, Paul D, Tomar RS (2021b) Biodiversity of pesticides degrading microbial communities and their environmental impact. Biocata Agri Biotechnol 31:101883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101883


Kumar G, Lal S, Soni SK, Maurya SK, Shukla PK, Chaudhary P, Garg N (2022) Mechanism and kinetics of chlorpyrifos co-metabolism by using environment restoring microbes isolated from rhizosphere of horticultural crops under subtropics. Front Microbiol 13:891870. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.891870


Kumar P, Arshad M, Gacem A, Soni S, Singh S, Kumar M, Yadav KK (2023) Insight into the environmental fate, hazard, detection, and sustainable degradation technologies of chlorpyrifos-an organophosphorus pesticide. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30049-y








Latifi AM, Khodi S, Mirzaei M, Miresmaeili M, Babavalian H (2012) Isolation and characterization of five chlorpyrifos degrading bacteria. AJB 11(13):3140–3146. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.2814


Lee CS, Venkatesan AK, Walker HW, Gobler CJ (2020) Impact of groundwater quality and associated byproduct formation during UV/hydrogen peroxide treatment of 1, 4-dioxane. Water Res 173:115534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115534


Levio-Raiman M, Briceño G, Leiva B, López S, Schalchli H, Lamilla C, Diez MC (2021) Treatment of pesticide-contaminated water using a selected fungal consortium: study in a batch and packed-bed bioreactor. Agron 11(4):743. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040743


Li X, He J, Li S (2007) Isolation of a chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterium, Sphingomonas sp. strain Dsp-2, and cloning of the mpd gene. Res Microbiol 158(2):143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2006.11.007


Li X, Jiang J, Gu L, Ali SW, He J, Li S (2008) Diversity of chlorpyrifos-degrading bacteria isolated from chlorpyrifos-contaminated samples. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 62(4):331–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2008.03.001


Lu K, Wang Y, Chen X, Zhang Z, Li Y, Li W, Zhou Q (2017) Characterization and functional analysis of a carboxylesterase gene associated with chlorpyrifos resistance in Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). Comp Biochem Physiol C: Toxicol Pharmacol 203:12–20


Malla MA, Dubey A, Kumar A, Patil A, Ahmad S, Kothari R, Yadav S (2023) Optimization and elucidation of organophosphorus and pyrethroid degradation pathways by a novel bacterial consortium C3 using RSM and GC-MS-based metabolomics. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 144:104744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2023.104744


Nasiri M, Ahmadzadeh H, Amiri AH (2023) Biodegradation and metabolic fate of organophosphorus pesticides in well water using Dunaliella salina. Int J Environ Sci Technol 20(1):981–992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04620-y


Nayak T, Panda AN, Adhya TK, Das B, Raina V (2019) Biodegradation of Chlorpyrifos and 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) by Ochrobactrum sp. CPD-03: Insights from genome analysis on organophosphorus pesticides degradation, chemotaxis and PGPR activity. BioRxiv 12. https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.12.866210


Omeiri M, Khnayzer R, Yusef H, Tokajian S, Salloum T (2024) Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by bacterial strains isolated from Lebanese soil and its association with plant growth improvement. Bioremediat J 28(1):14–33


Parameswari S, Mekala L (2014) Biodegradation of chloropyrifos by actinomycetes species in aqueous phase. J Environ Dev 8(3):734–740


Patil PD, Singh AA, Yadav GD (2021) Biodegradation of organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos into a major fuel additive 2, 4-bis (1, 1 dimethylethyl) phenol using white-rot fungal strain Trametes hirsuta MTCC-1171. J Ind Chem Soc 98(9):100120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2021.100120


Pengphol S, Uthaibutra J, Arquero OA, Nomura N, Whangchai K (2012) Oxidative degradation and detoxification of chlorpyrifos by ultrasonic and ozone treatments. J Agri Sci 4(8):164


Radziff SBM, Ahmad SA, Shaharuddin NA, Merican F, Kok YY, Zulkharnain A, Wong CY (2021) Potential application of algae in biodegradation of phenol: a review and bibliometric study. Plants 10(12):2677. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122677


Rahman HU, Asghar W, Nazir W, Sandhu MA, Ahmed A, Khalid N (2021) A comprehensive review on chlorpyrifos toxicity with special reference to endocrine disruption: Evidence of mechanisms, exposures and mitigation strategies. Sci Total Environ 755:142649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142649


Raj A, Kumar A (2022) Recent advances in assessment methods and mechanism of microbe-mediated chlorpyrifos remediation. Environ Res 214:114011


Raj A, Kumar A, Khare PK (2024) The looming threat of profenofos organophosphate and microbes in action for their sustainable degradation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 31(10):14367–14387


Rani K, Dhania G (2014) Bioremediation and biodegradation of pesticide from contaminated soil and water a noval approach. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 3(10):23–33


Rank JK, Nathani NM, Hinsu AT, Joshi AU, Shekar MC, Kothari RK (2018) Isolation, characterization and growth response study of chlorpyrifos utilizing soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida JR16. Indian J Agric Res 52(4):355–361. https://doi.org/10.18805/IJARe.A-5035


Rayu S, Nielsen UN, Nazaries L, Singh BK (2017) Isolation and molecular characterization of novel chlorpyrifos and 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol-degrading bacteria from sugarcane farm soils. Front Microbiol 8:518. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00518


Sasikala C, Jiwal S, Rout P, Ramya M (2012) Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by bacterial consortium isolated from agriculture soil. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 28:1301–1308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-011-0879-z


Sharma AK, Pandit J (2016) Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by microbes - a review. Discov Biotechnol 7(18):1–10


Sherif H, Mostafa AA (2014) Mycoremediation of organophosphorous insecticide chlorpyrifos by fungal soil isolates. J Pur Appl Microbiol 8(4):2945–2951


Shi T, Fang L, Qin H, Chen Y, Wu X, Hua R (2019) Rapid biodegradation of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos by Cupriavidus nantongensis X1T. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(23):4593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234593


Shukla E, Bendre AD, Gaikwad SM (2022) Hydrolases: the most diverse class of enzymes. In Hydrolases, London. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102350


Singh DP, Khattar JIS, Nadda J, Singh Y, Garg A, Kaur N, Gulati A (2011) Chlorpyrifos degradation by the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PUPCCC 64. Environ Sci Pollut Res 18:1351–1359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-011-0472-x


Solomon KR, Williams WM, Mackay D, Purdy J, Giddings JM, Giesy JP (2014) Properties and uses of chlorpyrifos in the United States. Ecol Risk Assess Chlorpy Terrest Aquat Syst States 231:13–34


Sparling DW, Fellers G (2007) Comparative toxicity of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion and their oxon derivatives to larval Rana boylii. Environ Pollut 147(3):535–539


Sreekanth K, Anjali P, Akshatha BS, Alex R, Radhakrishnan EK (2024) Enhanced biodegradation of chlorpyrifos in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentration of ZnONPs by Pseudomonas sp. CF7b. PSEP 190:256–263


Sui J, Yang F, Huang Z, He D, Li M (2024) Physiological responses and degradation potential of three freshwater microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris, Chlamydomonas Sp. and Scenedesmus Obliquus to organophosphorus pesticides Chlorpyrifos and dimethoate.


Supreeth M, Raju NS (2017) Biotransformation of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan by bacteria and fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101:5961–5971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8401-7


Supreeth M, Chandrashekar MA, Sachin N, Raju NS (2016) Effect of chlorpyrifos on soil microbial diversity and its biotransformation by Streptomyces sp HP-11 3. Biotech 6:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0462-2


Thengodkar RMR, Sivakami S (2010) Degradation of chlorpyrifos by an alkaline phosphatase from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Biodegradation 21:637–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-010-9331-6


Tiwari B, Sindhu V, Mishra AK, Singh SS (2020) Carbon catabolite repression of methyl parathion degradation in a bacterial isolate characterized as a Cupriavidus sp. LMGR1. Water Air Soil Pollut 231:1–14


Uniyal S, Sharma RK, Kondakal V (2021) New insights into the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by a novel bacterial consortium: process optimization using general factorial experimental design. Exotoxicol Environ Saf 209:111799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111799


Uzun FG, Demir F, Kalender S, Bas H, Kalender Y (2010) Protective effect of catechin and quercetin on chlorpyrifos-induced lung toxicity in male rats. FCT 48(6):1714–1720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.051


Valin H, Sands RD, Van der Mensbrugghe D, Nelson GC, Ahammad H, Blanc E, Willenbockel D (2014) The future of food demand: understanding differences in global economic models. Agri Econom 45(1):51–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12089


Varghese EM, Sivadas S (2021) Suresh CUDKV, KP A, MS J (2021) Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by an optimized Bacillus consortium isolated from pesticide-contaminated soils of Kerala. India. Int J Pest Manag 3:1–9


Verma S, Singh D, Chatterjee S (2020) Biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos by Sphingobacterium sp., C1B, a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from apple orchard in Himachal Pradesh of India. Extremophiles 24(6):897–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-020-01203-y


Vijayalakshmi P, Usha MS (2012) Optimization of chlorpyrifos degradation by Pseudomonas putida. J Chem Pharma Res 4(5):2532–2539


Wagh VA, Puranik PR (2017) Optimization of culture conditions for the Biodegradation of Chlorpyrifos by Aspergillus flavus C-81. Int J Pharma & Biol Sci 11:2


Wang J, Wang J, Zhu L, Xie H, Shao B, Hou X (2014) The enzyme toxicity and genotoxicity of chlorpyrifos and its toxic metabolite TCP to zebrafish Danio rerio. Ecotoxicology 23(10):1858–1869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-014-1321-8


Wang X, Song L, Li Z, Ni Z, Bao J, Zhang H (2020) The remediation of chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil by immobilized white-rot fungi. J Serb Chem Soc 85(7):857–868. https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC190822130W

 

Author Information

---

Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, India