The dietary profile of major millets and their significance concerning lifestyle diseases

*Article not assigned to an issue yet

, , ,


Review Articles | Published:

E-ISSN: 2229-4473.
Website: www.vegetosindia.org
Pub Email: contact@vegetosindia.org
DOI: 10.1007/s42535-025-01479-5
First Page: 0
Last Page: 0
Views: 8

Keywords: Millets, Indian millets, Millet nutrition, Hidden hunger, Nutritious food


Abstract


Globally, an increase in millet production has been seen in recent years. In various parts of the world, millets are used as both food and fodder for animals. Because of its climate, millet variety, and amount of area suitable for millet cultivation, India is the world’s largest producer of millet. The trend of utilizing millet is increasing, although millet is underutilized due to the higher acceptance of other grains, particularly wheat, despite its high nutritional value and accessibility. Recently there was a discernible rise in millet use in foods, processed foods, and value-added food forms. The millets are abundant in nutrients like fiber, protein, minerals, and nutraceuticals. Research initiatives generate extensive amounts of information on millet, cultivation, and production every year. Food with millet ingredients shows nutraceutical potential against various lifestyle diseases and is nutritionally rich in many vitamins and nutrients reducing hidden hunger. Sorghum (Jowar), Pearl Millet (Bajra), Finger Millet (Ragi), Small Millet (Little Millet, Barnyard Millet, Kodo Millet etc.), and Proso Millet are the top five millets produced in India in order of production. Millets, rich in fiber, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants, are important in managing diabetes, improving heart health, and offering sustainable food sources in drought-prone areas. Their resilience to climate change makes them increasingly popular. As a result, millets play an important role in enhancing food security and strengthening India’s agricultural and nutritional future. As a result, this review offers a thorough analysis of millets grown in India and their documented role as health-promoting substances.

Millets, Indian millets, Millet nutrition, Hidden hunger, Nutritious food


References


Almaski A, Coe S, Lightowler H et al (2023) Finger millet-based muffin decreases insulin response in individuals with prediabetes in a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 129:650–659. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114522001623


Anitha S, Kane-Potaka J, Botha R et al (2021) Millets can have a major impact on improving iron status, hemoglobin level, and in reducing iron deficiency Anemia–A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.725529


Arya SS, Shakya NK (2021) High fiber, low glycaemic index (GI) prebiotic multigrain functional beverage from barnyard, Foxtail and Kodo millet. LWT 135:109991. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LWT.2020.109991


Asrani P, Ali A, Tiwari K (2023) Millets as an alternative diet for gluten-sensitive individuals: A critical review on nutritional components, sensitivities and popularity of wheat and millets among consumers. Food Reviews Int 39:3370–3399. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.2012790


Avashthi H, Pathak RK, Gaur VS, Singh S, Gupta VK, Ramteke PW, Kumar A (2020) Comparative analysis of ROS-scavenging gene families in finger millet, rice, sorghum, and Foxtail millet revealed potential targets for antioxidant activity and drought tolerance improvement. Netw Model Anal Health Inf Bioinf 9:1–23


Banerjee R, Bharti B, Das P, Barman S, Devi S, Ankita A (2024) Comprehensive analysis of millets in india: area, production, cost of production and export statistics. Curr Agric Res J 12:1181–1192. https://doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.12.3.13


Bhat S, Nandini C, Tippeswamy V,. P (2018) Significance of small millets in nutrition and health-A review. Asian J Dairy Food Res 37:35–40. https://doi.org/10.18805/ajdfr.DR-1306


Birania S, Rohilla P, Kumar R, Kumar N (2020) Post harvest processing of millets: A review on value added products. Int J Chem Stud 8:1824–1829. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i1aa.8528


Boncompagni E, Orozco-Arroyo G, Cominelli E et al (2018) Antinutritional factors in Pearl millet grains: phytate and goitrogens content variability and molecular characterization of genes involved in their pathways. PLoS ONE 13:e0198394. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198394


Ch H, Patro TSSK, Anuradha N, Triveni U, Jogarao P (2020) Estimation of nutritive composition of seven small millets. J Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry 9:1871–1874


Chandrasekara A, Shahidi F (2011) Bioactivities and antiradical properties of millet grains and hulls. J Agric Food Chem 59:9563–9571. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf201849d


C C, DV SV C, et al (2024) Impact of cold plasma on Pearl and barnyard millets’ microbial quality, antioxidant status, and nutritional composition. Food Humanity 2:100238. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOOHUM.2024.100238


Chen J, Duan W, Ren X et al (2017) Effect of Foxtail millet protein hydrolysates on Lowering blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Nutr 56:2129–2138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1252-7


Mounika D, Sangeetha U, Sireesha G (2022) Estimation of phytochemicals in millets and selected millet products. Indian J Appl Pure Bio 37:810–820


Das S, Pegu K, Arya SS (2021) Functional sourdough millet bread rich in dietary fibre -an optimization study using fuzzy logic analysis. Bioactive Carbohydr Diet Fibre 26:100279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcdf.2021.100279


Dayakar Rao B, Bhaskarachary K, ACGD, Sudha Devi G, Vilas A, Tonapi (2017) Nutritional and Health Benefits of Millets. Director, ICAR- Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad


Deshpande SS, Mohapatra D, Tripathi MK, Sadvatha RH (2015) Kodo Millet-Nutritional value and utilization in Indian foods. J Grain Process Storage 2:16–23


Devi PB, Vijayabharathi R, Sathyabama S et al (2014) Health benefits of finger millet (Eleusine Coracana L.) polyphenols and dietary fiber: a review. J Food Sci Technol 51:1021–1040. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0584-9


Dias-Martins AM, Pessanha KLF, Pacheco S et al (2018) Potential use of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) in brazil: food security, processing, health benefits and nutritional products. Food Res Int 109:175–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.04.023


Djanaguiraman M, Prasad PVV, Stewart ZP et al (2018) Agroclimatology of Oats, Barley, and Minor Millets. pp 243–277


Geetha K, Yankanchi GM, Hulamani S, Hiremath N (2020) Glycemic index of millet based food mix and its effect on pre diabetic subjects. J Food Sci Technol 57:2732–2738. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13197-020-04309-5/TABLES/4


Ghatak A, Pierides I, Singh RK et al (2024) Millets for a sustainable future. J Exp Bot. https://doi.org/10.1093/JXB/ERAE507


Giri A, Sultana S, Roy A et al (2024) Potential therapeutic use of millet with broad spectrum anticancer properties: current trends and prospects. Discover Food 2024 4(1):1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/S44187-024-00264-8


Gowda NAN, Siliveru K, Prasad PVV et al (2022) Modern processing of Indian millets: A perspective on changes in nutritional properties. Foods 11:499. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040499


Gowri MU (2020) Millet scenario in India. Economic Affairs 65. https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.3.2020.7


Gupta M, Asfaha DM, Ponnaiah G (2023) Millets: A nutritional powerhouse with Anti-cancer potential. Cureus 15:e47769. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.47769


Hou D, Chen J, Ren X et al (2018) A whole Foxtail millet diet reduces blood pressure in subjects with mild hypertension. J Cereal Sci 84:13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2018.09.003


Kheya SA, Talukder SK, Datta P et al (2023) Millets: the future crops for the tropics - Status, challenges and future prospects. Heliyon 9:e22123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22123


Kumar A, Kumari P, Kumar M (2022) Role of millets in disease prevention and health promotion. In: Ram B, Singh, Shaw Watanabe AAI (eds) Functional foods and nutraceuticals in metabolic and Non-Communicable diseases. Diseases, Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Metabolic and Non-Communicable, Academic, pp 341–357


Kumari D, Chandrasekara A, Athukorale P, Shahidi F (2020) Finger millet porridges subjected to different processing conditions showed low glycemic index and variable efficacy on plasma antioxidant capacity of healthy adults. Food Prod Process Nutr 2:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S43014-020-00027-9/TABLES/5


Layek J, Rangappa K, Das A et al (2023) Evaluation of millets for physio-chemical and root morphological traits suitable for resilient farming and nutritional security in Eastern Himalayas. Front Nutr 10:1198023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1198023


Li S, Xian F, Guan X et al (2020) Neural protective effects of millet and millet polyphenols on High-Fat Diet-Induced oxidative stress in the brain. Plant foods for human nutrition. (Dordrecht Netherlands) 75:208–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-020-00802-6


Li S, Yu W, Guan X et al (2019) Effects of millet whole grain supplementation on the lipid profile and gut bacteria in rats fed with high-fat diet. J Funct Foods 59:49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.030


Lokur A, Donde KJ, Pius J (2023) MILLETS–2023: A transdisciplinary approach to its resurgence and sustainability. Allied


Nakajima K, Tomohiro H, Oiso S (2023) Red Foxtail millet upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in vitro and in vivo. Biomed Res 44:97–104. https://doi.org/10.2220/biomedres.44.97


Nambi VA, Eganathan P, Maria Philip PI (2012) Proximate and mineral composition analysis of little millet collected from some millet growing areas in Tamil Nadu. Indian J Plant Genetic Resour 25:189–191


Nambiar VS, Patwardhan T (2015) Assessment of glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) for selected traditional millet-based Indian recipes. Int J Diabetes Developing Ctries 35:157–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-014-0275-y


Nithiyanantham S, Kalaiselvi P, Mahomoodally MF et al (2019) Nutritional and functional roles of millets-A review. J Food Biochem 43:e12859. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12859


Ofosu FK, Elahi F, Daliri EB-M et al (2020) Phenolic profile, antioxidant, and antidiabetic potential exerted by millet grain varieties. Antioxid (Basel Switzerland) 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030254


Olagunju A, Arigbede T, Oyeleye S et al (2023) High-protein, low glycemic index snack from optimized blend of three wholegrains exhibit nutraceutical quality and elicit low glycemic response in diabetic human subjects


Palaniswamy S (2018) Development of a millet dehuller (hand-operated) to reduce drudgery in processing and utilization of millet waste (hulls) in antioxidant extraction. McGill University (Canada


Pang M, He S, Wang L et al (2014) Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities and protective effect against acute ethanol-induced hepatic injury in mice of Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) Bran oil. Food Funct 5:1763–1770. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4fo00106k


Peerkhan N, Pandey M, Bhandari Y (2024) Formulation of prebiotic, low glycemic index millet soups using foxtail, barnyard and Kodo millet. Discover Food 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-024-00138-z


Pei J, Umapathy VR, Vengadassalapathy S et al (2022) A review of the potential consequences of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) for diabetes mellitus and other biomedical applications. Nutrients 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142932


Prabhakar M, Gopinath KA, Sai Sravan U et al (2023) Potential for yield and soil fertility improvement with integration of organics in nutrient management for finger millet under rainfed Alfisols of Southern India. Front Nutr 10:1095449. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1095449


Pradeep SR, Guha M (2011) Effect of processing methods on the nutraceutical and antioxidant properties of little millet (Panicum sumatrense) extracts. Food Chem 126:1643–1647. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2010.12.047


Priya, Verma RK, Lakhawat S et al (2023) Millets: sustainable treasure house of bioactive components. Int J Food Prop 26:1822–1840. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2023.2236317


Prince Paul, Kabilan M, Veeramuthu D et al (2023) A review on disease management in millets. Int J Sci Res Sci Technol 315–328. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST52310426


Puranik S, Kam J, Sahu PP et al (2017) Harnessing finger millet to combat calcium deficiency in humans: challenges and prospects. Front Plant Sci 8:1311. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01311


Rai S, Kaur A, Chopra CS (2018) Gluten-Free products for Celiac susceptible people. Front Nutr 5:116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00116


Rana S, Bhandari NS (2023) Nutritional Properties, Nutraceutical Potential of Different Millets, and Their Value-Added Food Products. In: Millets - Rediscover Ancient Grains. IntechOpen


Rao PP, Birthal PS, Reddy BV, Rai KN, RS (2006) Diagnostics of sorghum and Pearl millet grains-based nutrition in India. Int Sorghum Millets Newsl 93–96


Ravikesavan R, Sivamurugan AP, Iyanar K et al (2022) Millet cultivation: an overview. Handbook of Millets - Processing, quality, and nutrition status. Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore, pp 23–47


Rawat M, Varshney A, Rai M et al (2023) A comprehensive review on nutraceutical potential of underutilized cereals and cereal-based products. J Agric Food Res 12:100619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100619


Ren X, Yin R, Hou D et al (2018) The glucose-Lowering effect of Foxtail millet in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: A Self-Controlled clinical trial. Nutrients 10:1509. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101509


Saini S, Saxena S, Samtiya M et al (2021) Potential of underutilized millets as Nutri-cereal: an overview. J Food Sci Technol 58:4465–4477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-021-04985-x


Saleh ASM, Zhang Q, Chen J, Shen Q (2013) Millet grains: nutritional quality, processing, and potential health benefits. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 12:281–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12012


Samtiya M, Aluko RE, Dhaka N et al (2023) Nutritional and health-promoting attributes of millet: current and future perspectives. Nutr Rev 81:684–704. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuac081


Sarita and Ekta Singh (2016) Potential of millets: nutrients composition and health benefits. J Sci Innovative Res 5:46–50


Satyavathi CT, Ambawat S, Khandelwal V, Srivastava RK (2021) Pearl millet: A Climate-Resilient nutricereal for mitigating hidden hunger and provide nutritional security. Front Plant Sci 12:659938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.659938


Satyavathi CT, Ambawat S, Thirunavukkarasu N, Khandelwal V, Reddy S, Narala A (2024) Global Production, Status, and Utilization Pattern of Pearl Millet. In Pearl Millet (eds R. Perumal, P. Vara Prasad, T. Satyavathi, M. Govindaraj and A. Tenkouano). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780891184034.ch1


Satyavathi CT, Supriya A, Gurjar NR (2022) Millets: role and responses under abiotic stresses. Sustainable remedies for abiotic stress in cereals. A. A. H. Abdel latef. (ed.) Springer, Cham, pp 171–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5121-3_8)


Selvi LS (2013) Standardization, evaluation and impact of functional products from kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) and barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacae). (Doctoral dissertation, Thesis submitted to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai)


Sen CT, Bhattacharyya S, Saberi H (eds) (2023) The Bloomsbury handbook of Indian cuisine. Bloomsbury Academic


Singh HP, Sharma KD, Subba Reddy G, Sharma KL (2004) Dryland agriculture in India. In: Challenges and strategies of dryland agriculture. pp 67–92


Sharma R, Sharma S, Dar BN, Singh B (2021a) Millets as potential nutri-cereals: a review of nutrient composition, phytochemical profile and techno-functionality. Int J Food Sci Technol 56:3703–3718. https://doi.org/10.1111/IJFS.15044


Sharma R, Sharma S, Dar BN, Singh B (2021b) Millets as potential nutri-cereals: a review of nutrient composition, phytochemical profile and techno-functionality. Int J Food Sci Technol 56:3703–3718. https://doi.org/10.1111/IJFS.15044


Shukla D et al (2024) Quality and functional attributes of muffins with incorporation of fruit, vegetable, and grain substitutes: A review. J Appl Nat Sci 16(1):344–355. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i1.5330


Taylor JRN (2017) Millets: their unique nutritional and Health-Promoting attributes. Gluten-Free ancient grains. Elsevier, pp 55–103


Tharifkhan SA, Perumal AB, Elumalai A et al (2021) Improvement of nutrient bioavailability in millets: emphasis on the application of enzymes. J Sci Food Agric 101:4869–4878. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11228


Tiwari H, Naresh RK, Bhatt R et al (2023) Underutilized nutrient rich millets: challenges and solutions for india’s food and nutritional security: A review. Int J Plant Soil Sci 35:45–56. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i22758


Tripathi G, Jitendrakumar PH, Borah A et al (2023) A review on nutritional and health benefits of millets. Int J Plant Soil Sci 35:1736–1743. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i193722


Ugare R, Chimmad B, Naik R et al (2014) Glycemic index and significance of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacae) in type II diabetics. J Food Sci Technol 51:392–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0516-8


Vinoth A, Ravindhran R (2017) Biofortification in millets: A sustainable approach for nutritional security. Front Plant Sci 8:29. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00029


Yadav HP, Gupta SK, Rajpurohit BS, Pareek N (2016) Pearl millet. Broadening the genetic base of grain cereals. Springer India, New Delhi, pp 205–224


Yadav CB, Tokas J, Yadav D et al (2021) Identifying Anti-Oxidant biosynthesis genes in Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] Using Genome—Wide Association Analysis. Front Plant Sci 12:599649. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPLS.2021.599649/BIBTEX


Zhang L, Liu R, Niu W (2014) Phytochemical and antiproliferative activity of proso millet. PLoS ONE 9:e104058. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104058










 


Author Information


Institute of Food Processing and Technology, ONGC Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India