Vegetos

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Review Articles | Published: 11 December, 2025

References

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Bokade P, Gaur VK, Tripathi V, Bobate S, Manickam N, Bajaj A (2023) Bacterial remediation of pesticide polluted soils: exploring the feasibility of site restoration. J Hazard Mater 441:129906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129906


Bowman HD, Hydrick HT, Bond JA, Allen TW (2022) Response of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and weed control with postemergence herbicides and combinations of cytokinin mixtures. Agronomy 12(12):3086. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123086


Bravo G, Vega-Celedón P, Macaya C, Vasconez IN, Seeger M (2021) Nitrogen Cycle Bacteria in Agricultural Soils: Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizers, Heavy Metals, Pesticides and Bioremediation Approaches. In Rhizomicrobiome Dynamics in Bioremediation (pp. 335–356). CRC Press.


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Cara IG, Țopa D, Puiu I, Jităreanu G (2022) Biochar a promising strategy for pesticide-contaminated soils. Agriculture 12(10):1579. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101579


Chang J, Fang W, Chen L, Zhang P, Zhang G, Zhang H (2022) Toxicological effects, environmental behaviors and remediation technologies of herbicide atrazine in soil and sediment: a comprehensive review. Chemosphere 307:136006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136006


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Chowdhury A (2024) Punjab's' cancer train'is a grim reminder of the role of agricultural chemicals. The wire.


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Dash DM, Osborne WJ (2023) A systematic review on the implementation of advanced and evolutionary biotechnological tools for efficient bioremediation of organophosphorus pesticides. Chemosphere 313:137506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137506


Dash S, Gupta P, Kumar M (2025) Green Revolution to clinical burden: connecting the dots between pesticide consumption and cancer incidents in India. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100617


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Dubey P, Mishra AK, Shukla P, Singh AK (2015) Differential sensitivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to chlorpyrifos and propiconazole: morphology, cytogenetic assay and photosynthetic pigments. Pestic Biochem Physiol 124:29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.03.013


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Fatma F, Ahmad F, Kamal A, Pandey A (2022) Salicylic acid ameliorates cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by metribuzin (herbicides) in model Allium cepa plant. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1508554/v1


Fenga C, Giusi B, Costa C (2021) Immunotoxicity of pesticides: current knowledge and perspectives, Toxicol Risk Assess Multi-Syst. Health Impacts Expo 557–568.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85215-9.00023-4.


Ganaie MI, Jan I, Mayer AN, Dar AA, Mayer IA, Ahmed P, Sofi JA (2023) Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in drinking water of upper Jhelum region in Kashmir Valley‐India by GC‐MS/MS. Int J Anal Chem 2023(1):6802782. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6802782


Garud A, Pawar S, Patil MS, Kale SR, Patil S (2024) A scientific review of pesticides: classification, toxicity, health effects, sustainability, and environmental impact. Cureus 16(8):e67945. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.67945


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Gupta A, Singh UB, Sahu PK, Paul S, Kumar A, Malviya D, Saxena AK (2022) Linking soil microbial diversity to modern agriculture practices: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(5):3141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053141


Gureev AP, Sitnikov VV, Pogorelov DI, Vitkalova IY, Igamberdiev AU, Popov VN (2022) The effect of pesticides on the NADH-supported mitochondrial respiration of permeabilized potato mitochondria. Pestic Biochem Physiol 183:105056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105056


Han Y, Mo R, Yuan X, Zhong D, Tang F, Ye C, Liu Y (2017) Pesticide residues in nut-planted soils of China and their relationship between nut/soil. Chemosphere 180:42–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.138


Jaiswal S, Shukla P (2020) Alternative strategies for microbial remediation of pollutants via synthetic biology. Front Microbiol 11:808. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00808


Jan S, Singh R, Bhardwaj R, Ahmad P, Kapoor D (2020) Plant growth regulators: a sustainable approach to combat pesticide toxicity. 3 Biotech 10(11):466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02454-4


Jan R, Asif S, Asaf S, Lubna Khan Z, Khan W, Kim KM (2024) Gamma-aminobutyric acid treatment promotes resistance against Sogatella furcifera in rice. Front Plant Sci 15:1419999. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1419999


Jia Y, Kang L, Wu Y, Zhou C, Li D, Li J, Pan C (2023) Review on pesticide abiotic stress over crop health and intervention by various biostimulants. J Agric Food Chem 71(37):13595–13611. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04013


Jiang L, Yang Y, Jia LX, Lin JL, Liu Y, Pan B, Lin Y (2016) Biological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants to the herbicide simetryne in soils. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 127:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.01.012


Karasali H, Pavlidis G (2025) Environmental Contamination by Organochlorine Persistent Organic Pollutants: A Globally Alarming Detriment from the Past. In The Old and New Persistent Organic Pollutants (pp. 122–162). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003530466-7


Karthikeyan L, Chawla I, Mishra AK (2020) A review of remote sensing applications in agriculture for food security: crop growth and yield, irrigation, and crop losses. J Hydrol 586:124905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124905


Kashyap U, Garg S, Arora P (2024) Pesticide pollution in India: environmental and health risks, and policy challenges. Toxicol Rep 13:101801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101801


Kim DS, Zhang J (2023) Strategies to improve the efficiency of RNAi-mediated crop protection for pest control. Entomol Gen 43(1):10.1127/entomologia/2022/1638


Kim KH, Kabir E, Jahan SA (2017) Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects. Sci Total Environ 575:525–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.009


Komal J, Desai HR, Samal I, Mastinu A, Patel RD, Kumar PD, Bhoi TK (2023) Unveiling the genetic symphony: harnessing CRISPR-Cas genome editing for effective insect pest management. Plants 12(23):3961. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233961


Kumar P, Kumar R, Thakur K, Mahajan D, Brar B, Sharma D, Sharma AK (2023) Impact of pesticides application on aquatic ecosystem and biodiversity: a review. Biol Bull 50(6):1362–1375. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359023601386


Kumar A, Bhople BS, Jeganathan J (2025) Balancing food security and environmental health: the dual challenge of pesticide use in India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 32(9):4949–4956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-36009-y


Kumari R, Saha T, Kumar P, Singh AK (2024) CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technique to control fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in crop plants with special reference to maize. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 30(7):1161–1173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-024-01486-x


Lazarević-Pašti T, Milanković V, Tasić T, Petrović S, Leskovac A (2025) With or without you?—a critical review on pesticides in food. Foods 14(7):1128. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071128


Liu N, Zhu L (2020) Metabolomic and transcriptomic investigation of metabolic perturbations in Oryza sativa L. triggered by three pesticides. Environ Sci Technol 54:6115–6124. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00425


Liu N, Li J, Lv J, Yu J, Xie J, Wu Y, Tang Z (2021) Melatonin alleviates imidacloprid phytotoxicity to cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) through modulating redox homeostasis in plants and promoting its metabolism by enhancing glutathione dependent detoxification. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 217:112248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112248


Maldani M, Aliyat FZ, Cappello S, Morabito M, Giarratana F, Nassiri L (2021) Effect of glyphosate and paraquat on seed germination, amino acids, photosynthetic pigments and plant morphology of Vicia faba, Phaseolus vulgaris and Sorghum bicolor. Environ Sustain 4:723–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-021-00170-0


Mani S, Jain A, Gulati A, Tyagi S, Pal KV, Jaiswal H, Singh M (2022) Oxidative stress: A potential link between pesticide exposure and early-life neurological disorders. In Free Radical Biology and Environmental Toxicity (pp. 209–251). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83446-3_10





Melki MNE, Faqeih KY, Alamri S, AlAmri AR, Aldubehi MA, Alamery ER (2025) Integrating Artificial Intelligence, Drones, Robotics, and Sensors for Sustainable and Climate-Resilient Agriculture: A Critical Review. Sustainability 1,0. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1010000


Midler E (2022) Environmental degradation: impacts on agricultural production. IEEP-Policy Brief URL: https://ieep.eu/publications/environmental-degradation-impacts-onagricultural-production.


Mishra V, Srivastava G, Prasad SM, Abraham G (2008) Growth, photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic activity during seedling stage of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in response to UV-B and dimethoate. Pestic BioPhysiol 92(1):30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2008.05.003


Mohan C, Robinson J, Vodwal L, Kumari N (2024) Sustainable Development Goals for addressing environmental challenges. In Green chemistry approaches to environmental sustainability (pp. 357–374). Elsevier.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-18959-3.00007-0


Moon TT, Maliha IJ, Khan AAM, Chakraborty M, Uddin MS, Amin MR, Islam T (2022) CRISPR-Cas genome editing for insect pest stress management in crop plants. Stresses 2(4):493–514. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses2040034


Nayak P, Solanki H (2021) Pesticides and Indian agriculture—a review. Int J Res Granthaalayah 9(5):250–263. https://doi.org/10.7821/granthaalayah.v9.i5.2021.3930


Palli SR (2023) RNAi turns 25: contributions and challenges in insect science. Front Insect Sci 3:1209478. https://doi.org/10.3389/finsc.2023.1209478


Pan L, Mao L, Zhang H, Wang P, Wu C, Xie J, Yu B, Sial MU, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Jiang H, Zheng Y, Liu X (2022) Modified biochar as a more promising amendment agent for remediation of pesticide-contaminated soils: modification methods, mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives. Appl Sci 12(22):11544. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211544


Pang Y, Qin Z, Wang S, Yi C, Zhou M, Lou H, Qiu X (2020) Preparation and application performance of lignin-polyurea composite microcapsule with controlled release of avermectin. Colloid Polym Sci 298(8):1001–1012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-020-04664-x


Pascual LS, López-Climent MF, Segarra-Medina C, Gomez-Cadenas A, Zandalinas SI (2023) Exogenous spermine alleviates the negative effects of combined salinity and paraquat in tomato plants by decreasing stress-induced oxidative damage. Front Plant Sci 14:1193207. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1193207


Qi SY, Xu XL, Ma WZ, Deng SL, Lian ZX, Yu K (2022) Effects of organochlorine pesticide residues in maternal body on infants. Front Endocrinol 13:890307. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.890307





Rajashekar N, Prakasha P, Murthy TCS (2012) Seed germination and physiological behavior of maize (cv. NAC-6002) seedlings under abiotic stress (pendimethalin) condition. Asia J Crop Sci 4:80–85. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajcs.2012.80.85


Rani L, Thapa K, Kanojia N, Sharma N, Singh S, Grewal AS, Kaushal J (2021) An extensive review on the consequences of chemical pesticides on human health and environment. J Clean Prod 283:124657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124657


Rashid S, Rashid W, Tulcan RXS, Huang H (2022) Use, exposure, and environmental impacts of pesticides in Pakistan: a critical review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(29):43675–43689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20164-7





Reddy AA, Reddy M, Mathur V (2024) Pesticide use, regulation, and policies in Indian agriculture. Sustainability 16(17):7839. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177839


Rodrigues TB, Mishra SK, Sridharan K, Barnes ER, Alyokhin A, Tuttle R (2021) First sprayable double-stranded RNA-based biopesticide product targets proteasome subunit beta type-5 in Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Front Plant Sci 12:728652. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.728652


Rodrigues JA, Narasimhamurthy RK, Joshi MB, Dsouza HS, Mumbrekar KD (2022) Pesticides exposure-induced changes in brain metabolome: implications in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Neurotox Res 40(5):1539–1552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-022-00534-2


Sabarwal A, Kumar K, Singh RP (2018) Hazardous effects of chemical pesticides on human health–cancer and other associated disorders. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 63:103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2018.08.018








Sarker A, Shin WS, Al Masud MA, Nandi R, Islam T (2024) A critical review of sustainable pesticide remediation in contaminated sites: research challenges and mechanistic insights. Environ Pollut 341:122940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122940


Schneider JR, De Bona AC, Müller M, Chavarria G (2023a) Mancozeb associated with water deficit: physiological and biochemical responses of soybean plants. Plant Stress 10:100284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2023.100284


Schneider K, Barreiro-Hurle J, Rodriguez-Cerezo E (2023b) Pesticide reduction amidst food and feed security concerns in Europe. Nat Food 4(9):746–750. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-023-00834-6


Shaili SJ, Kabiraj UK, Mahedi M (2025) Fungal biocontrol in agriculture: a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides–a comprehensive review. World J Adv Res Rev 26(1):2305–2316. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.26.1.0732


Shakir SK, Irfan S, Akhtar B, Rehman SU, Daud MK, Taimur N, Azizullah A (2018) Pesticide-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings. Ecotoxicology 27(7):919–935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-018-1916-6


Shambharkar PS, Doshi PS, Jadhav SV (2025) Advances in Understanding Airborne Pesticide Aerosols: Sources, Behavior, and Control Strategies. Aeros Sci Engin 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-025-00346-9


Shan Q, Liu M, Li R, Shi Q, Li Y, Gong B (2022) γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) improves pesticide detoxification in plants. Sci Total Environ 835:155404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155404





Sharma A, Kumar V, Bhardwaj R, Thukral AK (2017) Seed pre-soaking with 24- epibrassinolide reduces the imidacloprid pesticide residues in green pods of Brassica juncea L. Toxicol Environ Chem 99:95–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2016.1146955





Sharma C, Sharma P, Kumar A, Walia Y, Kumar R, Umar A, Baskoutas S (2023) A review on ecology implications and pesticide degradation using nitrogen fixing bacteria under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Chem Ecol 39(7):753–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2023.2253220


Shattuck A, Werner M, Mempel F, Dunivin Z, Galt R (2023) Global pesticide use and trade database (GloPUT): new estimates show pesticide use trends in low-income countries substantially underestimated. Glob Environ Change 81:102693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102693


Sheng Y, Benmati M, Guendouzi S, Benmati H, Yuan Y, Song J, Berkani M (2022) Latest eco-friendly approaches for pesticides decontamination using microorganisms and consortia microalgae: a comprehensive insight, challenges, and perspectives. Chemosphere 308:136183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136183


Shopova E, Katerova Z, Brankova L, Dimitrova L, Sergiev I, Todorova D, Talaat NB (2021) Modulation of physiological stress response of Triticum aestivum L. to glyphosate by brassinosteroid application. Life 11(11):1156. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11111156


Singh S, Sharma S, Sarma SJ, Misra K, Brar SK (2021) Pesticides in water. in: Handbook of Water Purity and Quality, Elsevier pp. 231e253. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821057-4.00004-5.


Singla A, Barmota H, Kumar Sahoo S, Kaur Kang B (2021) Influence of neonicotinoids on pollinators: a review. J Apic Res 60(1):19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2020.1825044


Sonawane R, Tugaonkar A, Patel Y, Girase S, Shinde K (2024) An Overview of the Organophosphate Pesticide Use Scenario in India. Afr J Bio Sc. https://doi.org/10.48047/AFJBS.6.14.2024.9669-9683


Syafrudin M, Kristanti RA, Yuniarto A, Hadibarata T, Rhee J, Al-Onazi WA, Al-Mohaimeed AM (2021) Pesticides in drinking water—a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(2):468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020468


Tahir R, Afzal F, Jamil H, Razzaq M, Khan MS (2024) Physiological impacts of pesticidal contamination: challenge to sustainable agriculture and biodegradation methods. Pakistan J Agri, Agricultural Eng Veterinary Sci 40(1):24–37. https://doi.org/10.47432/2024.40.1.4


Tang FH, Malik A, Li M, Lenzen M, Maggi F (2022) International demand for food and services drives environmental footprints of pesticide use. Commun Earth Environ 3(1):272. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00601-8


Tang FH, Wyckhuys KA, Li Z, Maggi F, Silva V (2025) Transboundary impacts of pesticide use in food production. Nat Rev Earth Environ. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00673-y


Tarla DN, Erickson LE, Hettiarachchi GM, Amadi SI, Galkaduwa M, Davis LC, Pidlisnyuk V (2020) Phytoremediation and bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated soil. Appl Sci 10(4):1217. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10041217


Timokhina EP, Yaglov VV, Nazimova SV (2021) Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and the adrenal gland: from toxicity to endocrine disruption. Toxics 9(10):243. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100243

 

 

 

Author Information

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Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India