The Himalayan rhubarb (Rheum australe D. Don.): an endangered medicinal herb with immense ethnobotanical ‘use-value’

*Article not assigned to an issue yet


Review Articles | Published:

Print ISSN : 0970-4078.
Online ISSN : 2229-4473.
Website:www.vegetosindia.org
Pub Email: contact@vegetosindia.org
Doi: 10.1007/s42535-024-00877-5
First Page: 0
Last Page: 0
Views: 162


Keywords: n Rheum emodi Wall, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemistry, Medicinal value


Abstract


Rheum australe is a high-altitude medicinal plant found in the Himalayan region. It has huge therapeutic and economic potential owing to the occurrence of various phytochemical compounds like anthraquinones, stilbenes, tannins and flavonoids in the rhizome of the plant. The species possesses a wide variety of pharmacological activities like anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, immune-enhancing and nephroprotective activities. It is used to treat various ailments like constipation, indigestion, diarrhoea, muscular pain, skin problems, and cough in different conventional systems of medicine. Due to its high therapeutic potential and use in the pharma industry, the species is overexploited in its natural habitats, rendering it endangered. Therefore, immediate efforts are required for its multiplication and conservation using biotechnological approaches like plant tissue culture.


n                     Rheum emodi Wall, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemistry, Medicinal value


*Get Access

(*Only SPR Members can get full access. Click Here to Apply and get access)

Advertisement

References


Agarwal SK, Singh SS, Verma S, Kumar S (2000) Anti-fungal activity of anthraquinone derivatives from Rheum emodi. J Ethnopharmacol 72(1–2):43–46


Agarwal SK, Singh SS, Lakshmi V, Verma S, Kumar S (2001) Chemistry and pharmacology of rhubarb (Rheum species)—a review. J Sci Ind Res. 60(1):1–9


Ahmad Z, Jafri M, Javed K (1998) Quantitative evaluation of free and combined states of rhein and chrysophanol in Indian rhubarb by TLC: colourimetric method. Indian Drugs 35(2):75–78


Akhtar M, Amin M, Ahmad M, Alamgeer A (2009) Hepatoprotective effect of Rheum emodi roots (Revand chini) and Akseer-e-Jigar against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2009(2):3


Alam MMA, Javed K, Jafri MA (2005) Effect of Rheum emodi (Revand Hindi) on renal functions in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 96(1–2):121–125


Alves DS, Pérez-Fons L, Estepa A, Micol V (2004) Membrane-related effects underlying the biological activity of the anthraquinones emodin and barbaloin. Biochem Pharmacol 68(3):549–561


Amin IM., Kadir SHSA, Rosdy NMMNM, Siran R, Hasani NA, 2013 Anti-cancer effect of aloe emodin on breast cancer cells, MCF-7, 2013 7th International Conference on Systems Biology (ISB). IEEE, pp. 103–108.


Aquil S, Husaini AM, Abdin MZ, Rather GM (2009) Overexpression of the HMG-CoA reductase gene leads to enhanced artemisinin biosynthesis in transgenic Artemisia annua plants. Planta Med 75(13):1453–1458


Arokiyaraj S, Stalin A, Shin H (2019) Anti-methanogenic effect of rhubarb (Rheum spp)—an in silico docking studies on methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR). Saud J Biol Sci 26(7):1458–1462


Arvindekar A, More T, Payghan PV, Laddha K, Ghoshal N, Arvindekar A (2015) Evaluation of anti-diabetic and alpha glucosidase inhibitory action of anthraquinones from Rheum emodi. Food Funct 6(8):2693–2700


Babu KS, Srinivas P, Praveen B, Kishore KH, Murty US, Rao JM (2003) Antimicrobial constituents from the rhizomes of Rheum emodi. Phytochemistry 62(2):203–207


Barnard DL, Huffman JH, Morris JL, Wood SG, Hughes BG, Sidwell RW (1992) Evaluation of the antiviral activity of anthraquinones, anthrones and anthraquinone derivatives against human cytomegalovirus. Antiviral Res 17(1):63–77


Barnett LMA, Cummings BS (2018) Nephrotoxicity and renal pathophysiology: a contemporary perspective. Toxicol Sci 164(2):379–390


Batista MN, Braga ACS, Campos GRF, Souza MM, Matos RPAd, Lopes TZ, Candido NM, Lima MLD, Machado FC, Andrade STQd (2019) Natural products isolated from oriental medicinal herbs inactivate Zika virus. Viruses 11(1):49


Batool R, Aziz E, Mahmood T, Tan BK, Chow VT (2018) Inhibitory activities of extracts of Rumex dentatus, Commelina benghalensis, Ajuga bracteosa, Ziziphus mauritiana as well as their compounds of gallic acid and emodin against dengue virus. Asian Pac J Trop Med 11(4):265


Bei Y, Tia B, Li Y, Guo Y, Deng S, Huang R, Zeng H, Li R, Ge-Fei W, Dai J (2021) Anti-influenza a virus effects and mechanisms of emodin and its analogs via regulating PPARα/γ-AMPK-SIRT1 pathway and fatty acid metabolism. BioMed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9066938


Bhadauria M (2010) Dose-dependent hepatoprotective effect of emodin against acetaminophen-induced acute damage in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 62(6):627–635


Bhat MM, Kamili AN, Husaini AM, Akbar S (2016) Effect of photoperiod and growth-regulators on regeneration in a vulnerable plant (Physochlaina praealta (G. Don) Miers of medicinal importance. N Y Sci J 9(1):28–34


Bu T, Wang C, Meng Q, Huo X, Sun H, Sun P, Zheng S, Ma X, Liu Z, Liu K (2018) Hepatoprotective effect of rhein against methotrexate-induced liver toxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 834:266–273


Cha TL, Chuang MJ, Tang SH, Wu ST, Sun KH, Chen TT, Sun GH, Chang SY, Yu CP, Ho JY, Liu SY, Huang SM, Yu DS (2015) Emodin modulates epigenetic modifications and suppresses bladder carcinoma cell growth. Mol Carcinog 54(3):167–177


Chai YY, Wang F, Li YL, Liu K, Xu H (2012) Antioxidant Activities of Stilbenoids from Rheum emodi Wall. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012:603678


Chauhan N, Kaith BS, Mann S (2008) Anti-inflammatory Activity of Rheum australe Roots. Pharm Biol 30:93–96


Chen H, Hsieh W, Chang W, Chung J (2004) Aloe-emodin induced in vitro G2/M arrest of cell cycle in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 42(8):1251–1257


Chihara T, Shimpo K, Beppu H, Yamamoto N, Kaneko T, Wakamatsu K, Sonoda S (2015) Effects of Aloe-emodin and Emodin on Proliferation of the MKN45 Human Gastric Cancer Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 16(9):3887–3891


Cichewicz RH, Zhang Y, Seeram NP, Nair MG (2004) Inhibition of human tumor cell proliferation by novel anthraquinones from daylilies. Life Sci 74(14):1791–1799


Cui Y, Han C, Wang J, Tao Y, Liu G (2013) Bioactive component extraction from rhubarb herb and its application for the packaging of fresh beef. Appl Mech Mater 469:198–201


Dakah A, Zaid S, Suleiman M, Abbas S, Wink M (2014) In vitro propagation of the medicinal plant Ziziphora tenuior L. and evaluation of its antioxidant activity. Saud J Biol Sci 21(4):317–323


Daniyal M, Tahir IM, Akram M, Zahid R, Zainab R, Riaz Z, Laila U, Riaz T, Wang W, Bin L (2019) Pharmacological effects of Rheum emodi: a multiple purpose plant in health and disease. Pak J Med Biol Sci. 2:68–73


Das D, Roy Maulik S, Bhattacharya SC (2008) Colouration of wool and silk with Rheum emodi. Indian J Fibre Text Res 33:163–170


Dileep Kumar G, Siva B, Ashwini K, Vinod Kumar J, Ramalingam V, Sai Balaji A, Suresh Babu K (2022) Design, synthesis, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities of some novel analogues of aloe-emodin isolated from the rhizomes of Rheum emodi. Nat Prod Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2021.2024531


Dong X, Fu J, Yin X, Cao S, Li X, Lin L, Huyiligeqi Ni, J. (2016) Emodin: a review of its pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetics. Phytother Res 30(8):1207–1218


Du Y, Ko KM (2006) Effects of pharmacological preconditioning by emodin/oleanolic acid treatment and/or ischemic preconditioning on mitochondrial antioxidant components as well as the susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat hearts. Mol Cell Biochem 288(1–2):135–142


Du H, Shao J, Gu P, Lu B, Ye X, Liu Z (2012) Improvement of glucose tolerance by rhein with restored early-phase insulin secretion in db/db mice. J Endocrinol Invest 35(6):607–612


Gao R, Wu X, Huang Z, Wang B, Li F, Xu H, Ran L (2019) Anti-tumor effect of aloe-emodin on cervical cancer cells was associated with human papillomavirus E6/E7 and glucose metabolism. Onco Targets Ther 12:3713–3721


Ge H, Tang H, Liang Y, Wu J, Yang Q, Zeng L, Ma Z (2017) Rhein attenuates inflammation through inhibition of NF-κB and NALP3 inflammasome in vivo and in vitro. Drug Des Devel Ther 11:1663–1671


Ghorbani A (2017) Mechanisms of anti-diabetic effects of flavonoid rutin. Biomed Pharmacother 96:305–312


Guo J, Li W, Shi H, Xie X, Li L, Tang H, Wu M, Kong Y, Yang L, Gao J, Liu P, Wei W, Xie X (2013) Synergistic effects of curcumin with emodin against the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells through upregulation of miR-34a. Mol Cell Biochem 382(1–2):103–111


Hamid Z, Waza A, Haq E (2018) Rheum emodi ameliorates glutamate toxicity in neuronal cells by up-regulating Nrf2/HO-1 expression. Int J Adv Res Eng 7(4):788–795


Hassan M (2008) Hepatoprotective potential of ‘rheum emodi wall’on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage. Ann Pak Inst Med Sci 4(3):152–155


He J, Sun J, Wang L, Luo Y, Gao W, Guo H, Zhao H (2019) Chemistry, pharmacology and processing method of rhubarb (Rheum species): a review. J Food Bioact 8:42–50


Henamayee S, Banik K, Sailo BL, Shabnam B, Harsha C, Srilakshmi S, Vgm N, Baek SH, Ahn KS, Kunnumakkara AB (2020) Therapeutic emergence of rhein as a potential anti-cancer drug: a review of its molecular targets and anti-cancer properties. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102278


Ho T-Y, Wu S-L, Chen J-C, Li C-C, Hsiang C-Y (2007) Emodin blocks the SARS coronavirus spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 interaction. Antiviral Res 74(2):92–101


Horvat M, Avbelj M, Durán-Alonso MB, Banjanac M, Petković H, Iskra J (2021) Antiviral activities of halogenated emodin derivatives against human coronavirus NL63. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226825


Huang Q, Lu G, Shen HM, Chung MC, Ong CN (2007) Anti-cancer properties of anthraquinones from rhubarb. Med Res Rev 27(5):609–630


Huang PH, Huang CY, Chen MC, Lee YT, Yue CH, Wang HY, Lin H (2013) Emodin and Aloe-Emodin Suppress Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation through ER α Inhibition. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013:376123


Huang L, Wang X, Yu Q, Luo Q, Zhang Z (2015) Synergistic cancer growth-inhibitory effect of emodin and low-dose cisplatin on gastric cancer cells in vitro. Trop J Pharm Res 14(8):1427–1434


Husaini AM, Abdin M (2007) Interactive effect of light, temperature and TDZ on the regeneration potential of leaf discs of Fragaria x ananassa Duch. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 43(6):576–584


Husaini AM, Mercado JA, da Silva JAT, Schaart JG (2011) Review of factors affecting organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of strawberry. Genes Genome Genom 5(1):1–11


Husaini A, Srivastava D (2011) Efficient plant regeneration from leaf and petiole explants of strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa Duch.). Phytomorphology 61(1/2):55–62


Ibrahim M, Khan AA, Tiwari SK, Habeeb MA, Khaja MN, Habibullah CM (2006) Antimicrobial activity of Sapindus mukorossi and Rheum emodi extracts against H pylori: In vitro and in vivo studies. World J Gastroenterol 12(44):7136–7142


Ibrahim MF, Khaja MN, Aara A, Khan AA, Habeeb MA, Devi YP, Narasu ML, Habibullah CM (2008) Hepatoprotective activity of Sapindus mukorossi and Rheum emodi extracts: in vitro and in vivo studies. World J Gastroenterol 14(16):2566–2571


Isiiko J, Atwiine B, Oloro J (2021) Prevalence and risk factors of nephrotoxicity among adult cancer patients at Mbarara Regional referral hospital. Cancer Manag Res 13:7677–7684


Jelassi B, Anchelin M, Chamouton J, Cayuela ML, Clarysse L, Li J, Goré J, Jiang L-H, Roger S (2013) Anthraquinone emodin inhibits human cancer cell invasiveness by antagonizing P2X7 receptors. Carcinogenesis 34(7):1487–1496


Jia X, Yu F, Wang J, Iwanowycz S, Saaoud F, Wang Y, Hu J, Wang Q, Fan D (2014) Emodin suppresses pulmonary metastasis of breast cancer accompanied with decreased macrophage recruitment and M2 polarization in the lungs. Breast Cancer Res Treat 148(2):291–302


KabirDar A, Maa S, Wahid-ul H, Lone AH, Manzoor N, Haji A (2014) Threat status of Rheum emodi—a Study in selected Cis-HimalayanRegions of Kashmir Valley Jammu & Kashmir India. Med Aromat Plants 4:1–4


Kaur A, Kumar S, Sharma R (2012) Assessment of anti-ulcer activity of Rheum emodii rhizomes extract. Indo Global J Pharm 2(3):333–341


Kaur A, Kaur S, Kaur M, Mahajan A, Bose S (2015) Rheum emodi: a review on pharmacology and phytochemistry. World J Pharm Res 4(1):1892–1902


Khan MI, Shahzad A, Ganie IB, Pandith SA (2022) Organogenesis, direct somatic embryogenesis, and shoot proliferation of Rheum spiciforme Royle: an endemic and vulnerable medicinal herb from Indian Trans Himalayas. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 58(1):35–50


Kim J, Lee JS, Jung J, Lim I, Lee JY, Park MJ (2015) Emodin suppresses maintenance of stemness by augmenting proteosomal degradation of epidermal growth factor receptor/epidermal growth factor receptor variant III in glioma stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 24(3):284–295


Ko SK, Lee SM, Whang WK (1999) Anti-platelet aggregation activity of stilbene derivatives from Rheum undulatum. Arch Pharm Res 22(4):401–403


Kounsar F, Afzal ZM (2010) Rheum emodi induces nitric oxide synthase activity in murine macrophages. Am J Biomed Sci 2:155–163


Krenn L, Presser A, Pradhan R, Bahr B, Paper DH, Mayer KK, Kopp B (2003) Sulfemodin 8-O-beta-D-glucoside, a new sulfated anthraquinone glycoside, and antioxidant phenolic compounds from Rheum emodi. J Nat Prod 66(8):1107–1109


Kumar D, Shikha S, George VC, Suresh P, Kumar RA (2012) Anti-cancer and anti-metastatic activities of Rheum emodi rhizome chloroform extracts. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 5(3):189–194


Kuo PL, Lin TC, Lin CC (2002) The antiproliferative activity of aloe-emodin is through p53-dependent and p21-dependent apoptotic pathway in human hepatoma cell lines. Life Sci 71(16):1879–1892


Lal N, Ahuja PS (1993) Assessment of liquid culture procedures for in vitro propagation of Rheum emodi. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult 34:223–226


Lal N, Ahuja PS (1989) Propagation of Indian Rhubarh (Rheum emodi Wall.) using shoot-tip and leaf explant culture. Plant Cell Rep 8(8):493–496


Lee MS, Sohn CB (2008) Anti-diabetic properties of chrysophanol and its glucoside from rhubarb rhizome. Biol Pharm Bull 31(11):2154–2157


Lee HZ, Hsu SL, Liu MC, Wu CH (2001) Effects and mechanisms of aloe-emodin on cell death in human lung squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Pharmacol 431(3):287–295


Li WY, Chan RY, Yu PH, Chan SW (2013) Emodin induces cytotoxic effect in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell through modulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes. Pharm Biol 51(9):1175–1181


Li W-Y, Ng Y-F, Zhang H, Guo Z-D, Guo D-J, Kwan Y-W, Leung GP-H, Lee SM-Y, Yu PH-F, Chan S-W (2014) Emodin elicits cytotoxicity in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells through inducing apoptosis. Inflammopharmacology 22(2):127–134


Li Y, Xu QQ, Shan CS, Shi YH, Wang Y, Zheng GQ (2018) Combined Use of Emodin and Ginsenoside Rb1 Exerts Synergistic Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Rats. Front Pharmacol 9:943


Li X, Chu S, Liu Y, Chen N (2019) Neuroprotective effects of Anthraquinones from Rhubarb in central nervous system diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2019:3790728


Li F, Wang S-C, Wang X, Ren Q-Y, Wang W, Shang G-W, Zhang L, Zhang S-H (2008) Novel exploration of cathartic pharmacology induced by rhubarb. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi = China J Chin Mater Med 33:481–484


Liu Z, Ma N, Zhong Y, Yang Z-Q (2015) Antiviral effect of emodin from Rheum palmatum against coxsakievirus B 5 and human respiratory syncytial virus in vitro. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol [medical Sciences] 35:916–922


Liu MH, Shan J, Li J, Zhang Y, Lin XL (2016) Resveratrol inhibits doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via sirtuin 1 activation in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Exp Ther Med 12(2):1113–1118


Lu JS, Liu JX, Zhang WY, Liang SW, Wang D, Fang J (2005) Preventive effects of emodin on cerebral ischemia injury and expression of the inflammatory factors in rats with cerebral ischemia. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 30(24):1939–1943


Maa K, 2014 Threat Status of Rheum emodi - A Study in Selected Cis-Himalayan Regions of Kashmir Valley Jammu & Kashmir India. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants 04.


Maithani U (2015) In-vitro propagation studies of Rheum moorcroftianum royle: a threatened medicinal plant from Garhwal Himalaya. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 4(6):596–599


Malik MA, Bhat SA, Fatima B, Ahmad SB, Sidiqui S, Shrivastava P (2016) Rheum emodi as valuable medicinal plant. Int J Gen Med Pharm 5(4):35–44


Malik MA, Srivastava P, Ahmad SB (2018) Investigations on anti-fungal activity of Rheum emodi and Podophyllum hexandrum. Pharma Innovation 7(9):149–153


Malik S, Kumar R, Vats SK, Bhushan S, Sharma M, Ahuja PS (2009) Regeneration in Rheum emodi Wall: a step towards conservation of an endangered medicinal plant species. Eng Life Sci 9(2):130–134


Mase A, Makino B, Tsuchiya N, Yamamoto M, Kase Y, Takeda S, Hasegawa T (2010) Active ingredients of traditional Japanese (kampo) medicine, inchinkoto, in murine concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. J Ethnopharmacol 127(3):742–749


Meesala S, Mangamoori L, Tasneem M, Mohammed I (2021) Hepatoprotective potential of Rheum emodi against ccl4-induced liver damage through regulation of voltage dependent anion channel expression. Int J Res Pharm Pharmacother 5(2):123–131


Michaels RL, Rothman SM (1990) Glutamate neurotoxicity in vitro: antagonist pharmacology and intracellular calcium concentrations. J Neurosci 10(1):283–292


Mishra V (2016) Potent gastroprotective effect chrysophanol and emodin from Rehum Emodi via H+ K+ atpase inhibition and increasing the PGE2 Level in rats. Nat Prod Indian J 12:1–12


Mishra SK, Tiwari S, Shrivastava A, Srivastava S, Boudh GK, Chourasia SK, Chaturvedi U, Mir SS, Saxena AK, Bhatia G, Lakshmi V (2014) Antidyslipidemic effect and antioxidant activity of anthraquinone derivatives from Rheum emodi rhizomes in dyslipidemic rats. J Nat Med 68(2):363–371


Mun S-C, Mun G-S (2016) Development of an efficient callus proliferation system for Rheum coreanum Nakai, a rare medicinal plant growing in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Saud J Biol Sci 23(4):488–494


Nawrot-Hadzik I, Zmudzinski M, Matkowski A, Preissner R, Kęsik-Brodacka M, Hadzik J, Drag M, Abel R (2021) Reynoutria Rhizomes as a natural source of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors–molecular docking and in vitro study. Pharmaceuticals 14(8):742


Nazir S, Sharma M, Saxena M, Abrar M, Akram M (2013) Rheum emodi: phytochemistry, bioactive compounds and their biological activity. Int J Phytopharm 4:272–276


Negi P, Pant G, Rawat MSM (2015) Phytochemistry and biological activity perspectives of Rheum species. Nat Products J 06:1–1


Noor W, Lone R, Kamili AN, Husaini AM (2022) Callus induction and regeneration in high-altitude Himalayan rice genotype SR4 via seed explant. Biotechnol Rep. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00762


Pandith SA, Hussain A, Bhat WW, Dhar N, Qazi AK, Rana S, Razdan S, Wani TA, Shah MA, Bedi YS, Hamid A, Lattoo SK (2014) Evaluation of anthraquinones from Himalayan rhubarb (Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meissn.) as antiproliferative agents. S Afr J Bot 95:1–8


Park SK, Lee YK (2021) Antioxidant activity in Rheum emodi Wall (Himalayan Rhubarb). Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092555


Parveen S, Kamili A (2012) Impact of BAP and different auxins on Invitro shoot proliferation of Rheum emodi Wall. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci 4:47–51


Parveen S, Wani NA (2013) Germanibility, conservation and cultivation of Rheum emodi Wall ex: meissner-a threatened medicinal plant. Int J Life Sci Biotechnol Pharm Res 2:163–168


Pecere T, Sarinella F, Salata C, Gatto B, Bet A, Dalla Vecchia F, Diaspro A, Carli M, Palumbo M, Palù G (2003) Involvement of p53 in specific anti-neuroectodermal tumor activity of aloe-emodin. Int J Cancer 106(6):836–847


Pooja T, Karunagaran D (2014) Emodin suppresses Wnt signaling in human colorectal cancer cells SW480 and SW620. Eur J Pharmacol 742:55–64


Quadri R, Kamili A, Teixeira da Silva J, Shah A (2012) In vitro multiplication of Arnebia benthamii Wall., a critically endangered medicinal herb of the Western Himalayas. Med Aromat Plant Sci Biotechnol 6:54–57


Rajkumar V, Guha G, Kumar RA (2011) Apoptosis induction in MDA-MB-435S, Hep3B and PC-3 cell lines by Rheum emodi rhizome extracts. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 12(5):1197–1200


Rashid S, Kaloo ZA, Singh S, Bashir I (2014) Callus induction and shoot regeneration from rhizome explants of Rheum webbianum Royle-a threatened medicinal plant growing in Kashmir Himalaya. J Sci Innov Res 3(5):515–518


Ravindran R, Krishnakumari Sudarsanam D (2010) Anti-diabetic activity of Rheum emodi in Alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res 1(8):296–300


Régnier M, Rastelli M, Morissette A, Suriano F, Le Roy T, Pilon G, Delzenne NM, Marette A, Van Hul M, Cani PD (2020) Rhubarb supplementation prevents diet-induced obesity and diabetes in association with increased Akkermansia muciniphila in mice. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102932


Rehman H, Begum W, Anjum F, Tabasum H, Zahid S (2015) Effect of rhubarb (Rheum emodi) in primary dysmenorrhoea: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. J Complement Integr Med 12(1):61–69


Salata A, Kozak D (2013) Comparison of yield and morphological characters of rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum L.)’Karpow Lipskiego’plants propagated in vitro and by conventional methods. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus 12(1):115–128


Schwarz S, Wang K, Yu W, Sun B, Schwarz W (2011) Emodin inhibits current through SARS-associated coronavirus 3a protein. Antiviral Res 90(1):64–69


Seo EJ, Ngoc TM, Lee SM, Kim YS, Jung YS (2012) Chrysophanol-8-O-glucoside, an anthraquinone derivative in rhubarb, has anti-platelet and anti-coagulant activities. J Pharmacol Sci 118(2):245–254


Shah S, Husaini A, Shirin F (2013a) Micropropagation of the Indian Birthwort Arsitolochia indica L. Int J Biotechnol Mol Biol Res 4(6):86–92


Shah SN, Husaini AM, Ansari S (2013b) Micropropagation of Litsea glutinosa (Lour) CB. Int J Biotechnol Mol Biol Res 4(5):78–85


Shao Q, Liu T, Wang W, Liu T, Jin X, Chen Z (2022) Promising role of emodin as therapeutics to against viral infections. Front Pharmacol 13:902626


Shi YQ, Fukai T, Sakagami H, Kuroda J, Miyaoka R, Tamura M, Yoshida N, Nomura T (2001) Cytotoxic and DNA damage-inducing activities of low molecular weight phenols from rhubarb. Anti-Cancer Res 21(4a):2847–2853


Shin YJ, Kim JJ, Kim YJ, Kim WH, Park EY, Kim IY, Shin HS, Kim KS, Lee EK, Chung KH, Lee BM, Kim HS (2015) Protective effects of quercetin against HgCl2-induced nephrotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley Rats. J Med Food 18(5):524–534


Shuangsuo D, Zhengguo Z, Yunru C, Xin Z, Baofeng W, Lichao Y, Yan’an C (2006) Inhibition of the replication of hepatitis B virus in vitro by emodin. Med Sci Monit Int Med J Exp Clin Res 12(9):302–306


Sidhu Y., 2010 In vitro micropropagation of medicinal plants by tissue culture. The Plymouth Student Scientist 4.


Sin TK, Tam BT, Yung BY, Yip SP, Chan LW, Wong CS, Ying M, Rudd JA, Siu PM (2015) Resveratrol protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in aged hearts through the SIRT1-USP7 axis. J Physiol 593(8):1887–1899


Sina I (2010) Al Quanoon Fil Tib (Urdu translation by Kantoori GH): Eijaz publishing house. New Delhi 4:447–448


Singh SS, Pandey SC, Singh RK, Agarwal SK (2005) 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone derivatives from rhizomes of Rheum emodi Wall. Indian J Chem Sect B-Organic Chem Incl Med Chem 44:1494–1496


Singh R, Chaturvedi P (2018) Rheum emodi Wall ex. meissn (Indian Rhubarb): Highly endangered medicinal herb. J Med Plants Stud 5(4):13–16


Singh R, Chaturvedi P (2022) In vitro propagation and establishment of adventitious root cultures of Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meisn for quantification of emodin production. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-021-10220-1


Singh R, Tiwari T, Chaturvedi P (2017) Rheum emodi Wall ex. meissn (Indian Rhubarb): highly endangered medicinal herb. J Med Plants 5(4):13–16


Siwach P, Gill AR (2011) Enhanced shoot multiplication in Ficus religiosa L. in the presence of adenine sulphate, glutamine and phloroglucinol. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 17:271–280


Subramaniam A, Loo SY, Rajendran P, Manu KA, Perumal E, Li F, Shanmugam MK, Siveen KS, Park JI, Ahn KS, Hui KM, Kumar AP, Sethi G (2013) An anthraquinone derivative, emodin sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to TRAIL induced apoptosis through the induction of death receptors and downregulation of cell survival proteins. Apoptosis 18(10):1175–1187


Sun Y, Wang X, Zhou Q, Lu Y, Zhang H, Chen Q, Zhao M, Su S (2015) Inhibitory effect of emodin on migration, invasion and metastasis of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 33(1):338–346


Tabin S, Gupta RC, Kamili A (2014) In vitro micro propagation of Rheum explants supplemented with various types of growth hormones. IOSR J Agric Vet Sci 7:97–100


Tabin S, Kamili A, Gupta R (2018) Micropropagation and conservation of Rheum webbianum collected from Zanaskar valley via tissue culture. Ann Plant Sci 7:2187–2203


Tao L, Xie J, Wang Y, Wang S, Wu S, Wang Q, Ding H (2014) Protective effects of aloe-emodin on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice and H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 24(23):5385–5389


Tatlidede E, Sehirli O, Velioğlu-Oğünc A, Cetinel S, Yeğen BC, Yarat A, Süleymanoğlu S, Sener G (2009) Resveratrol treatment protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by alleviating oxidative damage. Free Radic Res 43(3):195–205


Tripathi B, Bhatia R, Pandey A, Gaur J, Chawla G, Walia S, Choi E, Attri P (2014) Potential Antioxidant Anthraquinones Isolated from Rheum emodi Showing Nematicidal Activity against Meloidogyne incognita. J Chem 2014:1–9


Waly MI, Ali BH, Al-Lawati I, Nemmar A (2013) Protective effects of emodin against cisplatin-induced oxidative stress in cultured human kidney (HEK 293) cells. J Appl Toxicol 33(7):626–630


Wang CC, Huang YJ, Chen LG, Lee LT, Yang LL (2002) Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors of Chinese herbs III. Rheum Palmatum Planta Med 68(10):869–874


Wani PA, Nawchoo IA, Wafai B (2009) The role of phenotypic plasticity, phenology, breeding behaviour and pollination systems in conservation of rheum emodi wall. Exmeisn. (Polygonaceae)—a threatened medicinal herb of North West Himalaya. Int J Plant Reprod Biol 1(2):179–189


Wasia S, Gangoo S, Nayeema J, Nageena N, Khurshid H, Husaini A (2017) In vitro propagation of Chinar (Platanus orientalis L.) using node and internode explants. Appl Biol Res 19(2):197–204


Wu C-C, Chen M-S, Cheng Y-J, Ko Y-C, Lin S-F, Chiu I-M, Chen J-Y (2019) Emodin inhibits EBV reactivation and represses NPC tumorigenesis. Cancers 11(11):1795


Xie MJ, Ma YH, Miao L, Wang Y, Wang HZ, Xing YY, Xi T, Lu YY (2014) Emodin-provoked oxidative stress induces apoptosis in human colon cancer HCT116 cells through a p53-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 15(13):5201–5205


Xiong H-R, Luo J, Hou W, Xiao H, Yang Z-Q (2011) The effect of emodin, an anthraquinone derivative extracted from the roots of Rheum tanguticum, against herpes simplex virus in vitro and in vivo. J Ethnopharmacol 133(2):718–723


Xu YW, Zou YT, Husaini AM, Zeng JW, Guan LL, Liu Q, Wu W (2011b) Optimization of potassium for proper growth and physiological response of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Environ Exp Bot 71(2):292–297


Xu Y, Zeng J, Zou Y, Husaini A, Yao R, Wu D, Wu W (2011a) Combined effect of dark and wounding on regeneration potential of Houttuynia cordata Thunb leaves. Indian J Exp Biol 49(7):540–546


Xue J, Ding W, Liu Y (2010) Anti-diabetic effects of emodin involved in the activation of PPARgamma on high-fat diet-fed and low dose of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Fitoterapia 81(3):173–177


Yaoxian W, Hui Y, Yunyan Z, Yanqin L, Xin G, Xiaoke W (2013) Emodin induces apoptosis of human cervical cancer hela cells via intrinsic mitochondrial and extrinsic death receptor pathway. Cancer Cell Int 13(1):71


Yiu CY, Kuan YH, Chen YJ, Wu BS, Lin TP (2022) Chemical Components of Polygonum cuspidatum Ethylacetate Subfraction and their Effects on Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Genes Expression. J Biochem Technol. https://doi.org/10.51847/hCnOpbOeeW


Zargar BA, Masoodi MH, Ahmed B, Ganie SA (2011) Phytoconstituents and therapeutic uses of Rheum emodi wall ex Meissn. Food Chem 128(3):585–589


Zeng CC, Liu X, Chen GR, Wu QJ, Liu WW, Luo HY, Cheng JG (2014) The molecular mechanism of rhein in diabetic nephropathy. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014:487097


Zhang X-P, Li Z-F, Liu X-G, Wu Y-T, Wang J-X, Wang K-M, Zhou Y-F (2005) Effects of emodin and baicalein on rats with severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol: WJG 11(14):2095


Zhang ZH, Wei F, Vaziri ND, Cheng XL, Bai X, Lin RC, Zhao YY (2015) Metabolomics insights into chronic kidney disease and modulatory effect of rhubarb against tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Sci Rep 5:14472


Zhang Y, Lin C, Yang X, Wang Y, Fang Y, Wang F (2016) Effect of emodin on the expression of TLR4 and P38MAPK in mouse cardiac tissues with viral myocarditis. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 9(10):10839–10845


Zhao YL, Wang JB, Zhou GD, Shan LM, Xiao XH (2009) Investigations of free anthraquinones from rhubarb against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestatic liver injury in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 104(6):463–469


Zhong T, Zhang L-Y, Wang Z-Y, Wang Y, Song F-M, Zhang Y-H, Yu J-H (2017) Rheum emodin inhibits enterovirus 71 viral replication and affects the host cell cycle environment. Acta Pharmacol Sin 38(3):392–401


Zhu B, Lin Y, Zhu CF, Zhu XL, Huang CZ, Lu Y, Cheng XX, Wang YJ (2011) Emodin inhibits extracellular matrix synthesis by suppressing p38 and ERK1/2 pathways in TGF-β1-stimulated NRK-49F cells. Mol Med Rep 4(3):505–509

 


Acknowledgements


The authors are highly grateful to the Faculty of Forestry SKUAST-K and Division of Plant Biotechnology for the support and facilities.


Author Information


Hussain Arshy
Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India