The impact of Bacillus subtilis NJ22, a Fe-resilient soil isolate as a potent plant Growth-Promoting agent to Spinacia oleracea L

*Article not assigned to an issue yet

, , ,


Research Articles | Published:

E-ISSN: 2229-4473.
Website: www.vegetosindia.org
Pub Email: contact@vegetosindia.org
DOI: 10.1007/s42535-025-01415-7
First Page: 0
Last Page: 0
Views: 6

Keywords: Bioinoculant, Fe-tolerance, PGPR, Bacillus subtilis, Spinach


Abstract


A soil isolate Bacillus subtilis NJ22 showed remarkable Fe tolerance up to 500 µg/mL.

Along with Nitrogen fixation and phosphate and potassium solubilisation, the isolate NJ22 also showed other plant growth promoting traits including IAA, Ammonia, Siderophore, HCN production capabilities.

The isolate, NJ22 substantially improved the growth of Spinacia oleracea in Fe-stressed soil.

Soluble Fe content increased in soil containing PGPR.

Bioinoculant, Fe-tolerance, PGPR, Bacillus subtilis, Spinach


References


Agbodjato NA, Noumavo PA, Baba-Moussa F et al (2015) Characterization of Potential Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Isolated from Maize (Zea mays L.) in Central and Northern Benin (West Africa). Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/901656


Ahmad F, Ahmad I, Khan MS (2008) Screening of free-living rhizospheric bacteria for their multiple plant growth promoting activities. Microbiol Res 163:173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2006.04.001


Ahmad I, Akhtar MJ, Zahir ZA et al (2014) Cadmium-tolerant bacteria induce metal stress tolerance in cereals. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21:11054–11065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3010-9


Alotaibi F, St-Arnaud M, Hijri M (2022) In-Depth characterization of plant growth promotion potentials of selected Alkanes-Degrading plant growth-Promoting bacterial isolates. Front Microbiol 13:863702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.863702


Amri M, Rjeibi MR, Gatrouni M et al (2023) Isolation, identification, and characterization of Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria from Tunisian soils. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030783. Microorganisms 11.


Ansari FA, Pichtel J, Ahmad I (2021) Understanding agriculturally indispensable bacterial biofilms in sustainable agriculture. In: Seneviratne G, Zavahir JS (eds) Role of microbial communities for sustainability. Springer Singapore, Singapore, pp 63–79


Arora NK, Verma M (2017) Modified microplate method for rapid and efficient Estimation of siderophore produced by bacteria. 3 Biotech 7:381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-1008-y


Awasthi A, Bharti N, Nair P et al (2011) Synergistic effect of Glomus Mosseae and nitrogen fixing Bacillus subtilis strain Daz26 on Artemisinin content in Artemisia annua L. Appl Soil Ecol


Boubekri K, Soumare A, Mardad I et al (2021) The screening of Potassium- and Phosphate-Solubilizing Actinobacteria and the assessment of their ability to promote wheat growth parameters. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030470. Microorganisms 9.


Chandwani S, Chavan SM, Paul D, Amaresan N (2022) Bacterial inoculations mitigate different forms of iron (Fe) stress and enhance nutrient uptake in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L). Environ Technol Innov 26:102326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2022.102326


Chen Y, Ye J, Kong Q (2020) Potassium-Solubilizing activity of Bacillus aryabhattai SK1-7 and its Growth-Promoting effect on Populus alba L. Forests 11:1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121348


Choi K-Y, Wernick DG, Tat CA, Liao JC (2014) Consolidated conversion of protein waste into biofuels and ammonia using Bacillus subtilis. Metab Eng 23:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2014.02.007


Das T, Sen A, Mahapatra S (2023) Characterization of plant growth-promoting bacteria isolated from rhizosphere of lentil (Lens culinaris L.) grown in two different soil orders of Eastern India. Braz J Microbiol 54:3101–3111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-023-01100-4


Ding Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Chen S (2005) Isolation and identification of nitrogen-fixing bacilli from plant rhizospheres in Beijing region. J Appl Microbiol 99:1271–1281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02738.x


Fahsi N, Mahdi I, Mesfioui A et al (2021) Plant Growth-Promoting rhizobacteria isolated from the jujube (Ziziphus lotus) plant enhance wheat growth, Zn uptake, and heavy metal tolerance. Collect FAO Agric 11:316. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040316


Fakayode SO, King AG, Yakubu M et al (2012) Determination of Fe content of some food items by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS): A guided-inquiry learning experience in instrumental analysis laboratory. J Chem Educ 89:109–113. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed1011585


Ghazy N, El-Nahrawy S (2021) Siderophore production by Bacillus subtilis MF497446 and Pseudomonas koreensis MG209738 and their efficacy in controlling Cephalosporium Maydis in maize plant. Arch Microbiol 203:1195–1209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-02113-5


Gohil RB, Raval VH, Panchal RR, Rajput KN (2022) Plant growth-Promoting activity of Bacillus sp. PG-8 isolated from fermented Panchagavya and its effect on the growth of Arachis hypogea. Front Agron 4:805454. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2022.805454


Gong Q, Wang L, Dai T et al (2019) Effects of copper on the growth, antioxidant enzymes and photosynthesis of spinach seedlings. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 171:771–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.016


Goswami D, Pithwa S, Dhandhukia P, Thakker JN (2014) Delineating Kocuria turfanensis 2M4 as a credible PGPR: a novel IAA-producing bacteria isolated from saline desert. J Plant Interact 566–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2013.871650


Gupta DK, Chatterjee S, Datta S et al (2014) Role of phosphate fertilizers in heavy metal uptake and detoxification of toxic metals. Chemosphere 108:134–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.030


Hoffmann T, Frankenberg N, Marino M, Jahn D (1998) Ammonification in Bacillus subtilis utilizing dissimilatory nitrite reductase is dependent on ResDE. J Bacteriol 180:186–189. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.180.1.186-189.1998


Hosseini S, Khodaygan P, Riseh RS (2021) Introducing of Bacillus subtilis UTBMS 7 as a probiotic bacteria against on wheat evaluation of the potential of some bacterial isolates for biological control of angular leaf spot disease of cucumber


Ikiz B, Dasgan HY, Gruda NS (2024) Utilizing the power of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on reducing mineral fertilizer, improved yield, and nutritional quality of Batavia lettuce in a floating culture. Sci Rep 14:1616. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51818-w


Iqbal Z, Ahmad M, Raza MA et al (2024) Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacillus sp. Modulate soil exoenzyme activities and improve wheat growth. Microb Ecol 87:31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-023-02340-5


James N, Umesh M (2023a) Multifarious potential of Biopolymer-Producing Bacillus subtilis NJ14 for plant growth promotion and stress tolerance in Solanum lycopercicum L. and Cicer arietinum L: A way toward sustainable agriculture. Mol Biotechnol 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-023-01001-9


James N, Umesh M (2023b) Salinity stress response of halotolerant Bacillus Licheniformis NJ04 and its role in improving the growth parameters of chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Salt-Stressed soil. Scope 13:1140–1148


James N, Umesh M, Sarojini S et al (2023) Unravelling the potential plant growth activity of halotolerant Bacillus licheniformis NJ04 isolated from soil and its possible use as a green bioinoculant on Solanum lycopersicum L. Environ Res 216:114620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114620


Jinal HN, Gopi K, Prittesh P et al (2019) Phytoextraction of iron from contaminated soils by inoculation of iron-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria in Brassica juncea L. Czern. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26:32815–32823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06394-2


Kremer RJ, Souissi T (2001) Cyanide production by rhizobacteria and potential for suppression of weed seedling growth. Curr Microbiol 43:182–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002840010284


Kumari S, Kumar P, Kiran S, Singh A (2023) Optimization of siderophore production by Bacillus subtilis DR2 and its effect on growth promotion of Coriandrum sativum. Russian Agricultural Sci 48:467–475. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068367422060076


Mahender A, Swamy BPM, Anandan A, Ali J (2019) Tolerance of Iron-Deficient and -Toxic soil conditions in rice. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8020031. Plants 8.


Meena VS, Maurya BR, Verma JP, Meena RS (2016) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. Springer


Mehta S, Nautiyal CS (2001) An efficient method for qualitative screening of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Curr Microbiol 43:51–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002840010259


Mohamed EAH, Farag AG, Youssef SA (2018) Phosphate solubilization by Bacillus subtilis and Serratia marcescens isolated from tomato plant rhizosphere. J Environ Prot 9:266–277. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2018.93018


Nazli F, Mustafa A, Ahmad M et al (2020) A review on practical application and potentials of Phytohormone-Producing plant Growth-Promoting rhizobacteria for inducing heavy metal tolerance in crops. Sustain Sci Pract Policy 12:9056. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219056


Nwokoro O, Dibua MEU (2014) Degradation of soil cyanide by single and mixed cultures of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Bacillus subtilis. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 65:113–119. https://doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-65-2014-2449


Patel M, Islam S, Husain FM et al (2023) Bacillus subtilis ER-08, a multifunctional plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, promotes the growth of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plants under salt and drought stress. Front Microbiol 14:1208743. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1208743


Philip I, Sarojini S, Biswas S, Jayaram S (2023) Exploring the potential of Bacillus velezensis, an endophytic bacteria isolated from Alternanthera philoxeroides for plant growth promotion and bioremediation properties. J Pure Appl Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.3.40


Rigor C (2019) Nutritional Values and Health Benefits of African Spinach, Bay Leaf, Bitter Leaf and Water Leaf: Herbal, Secret Healings, and Medicinal Importance of African Spinach, Bay Leaf, Bitter Leaf and Water Leaf.


Saha M, Maurya BR, Meena VS et al (2016) Identification and characterization of potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) from Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 7:202–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2016.06.007


Saini N, Bundela V, Singh S et al (2024) Optimizing siderophore production in Bacillus subtilis to enhance seed germination and biocontrol efficacy against Alternaria triticina and Bipolaris Sorokiniana. J Sci Res Rep 30:313–326. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82251


Sarwar S, Khaliq A, Yousra M et al (2020) Screening of Siderophore-Producing PGPRs isolated from groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) rhizosphere and their influence on Iron release in soil. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 51:1680–1692. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2020.1791159


Sebastian AM, Umesh M, Priyanka K, Preethi K (2021) Isolation of plant Growth-Promoting Bacillus cereus from soil and its use as a microbial inoculant. Arab J Sci Eng 46:151–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04895-8


Sharma A, Dev K, Sourirajan A, Choudhary M (2021) Isolation and characterization of salt-tolerant bacteria with plant growth-promoting activities from saline agricultural fields of haryana, India. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 19:99. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-021-00186-3


Shim J, Kim J-W, Shea PJ, Oh B-T (2015) IAA production by Bacillus sp. JH 2–2 promotes Indian mustard growth in the presence of hexavalent chromium. J Basic Microbiol 55:652–658. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201400311


Shi Z, Guo X, Lei Z et al (2023) Screening of high-efficiency nitrogen-fixing bacteria from the traditional Chinese medicine plant Astragalus mongolicus and its effect on plant growth promotion and bacterial communities in the rhizosphere. BMC Microbiol 23:292. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-023-03026-1


Shoda M (2019) Biocontrol of plant diseases by Bacillus subtilis: basic and practical applications. CRC


Singh SK, Singh PP, Gupta A et al (2019) Chapter Twelve - Tolerance of heavy metal toxicity using PGPR strains of Pseudomonas species. In: Singh AK, Kumar A, Singh PK (eds) PGPR amelioration in sustainable agriculture. Woodhead Publishing, pp 239–252


Singh TB, Sahai V, Goyal D et al (2020) Identification, characterization and evaluation of multifaceted traits of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from soil for sustainable approach to agriculture. Curr Microbiol 77:3633–3642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02165-2


Sobariu DL, Fertu DIT, Diaconu M et al (2017) Rhizobacteria and plant symbiosis in heavy metal uptake and its implications for soil bioremediation. N Biotechnol 39:125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2016.09.002


Swain MR, Laxminarayana K, Ray RC (2012) Phosphorus solubilization by thermotolerant Bacillus subtilis isolated from cow Dung microflora. Agric Res 1:273–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-012-0022-x


Walujkar SA, Jadhav SP, Patil SS et al (2019) Utilizing the iron tolerance potential of Bacillus species for biogenic synthesis of magnetite with visible light active catalytic activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 177:470–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.033


Wang X, Wang T, Huang Y et al (2024) Effect of biochars on the immobilization and form of cadmium (Cd) in simulated cd deposition of iron rich soils. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 272:116045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116045


Yousuf J, Thajudeen J, Rahiman M et al (2017) Nitrogen fixing potential of various heterotrophic Bacillus strains from a tropical estuary and adjacent coastal regions. J Basic Microbiol 57:922–932. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201700072


Zainuddin N (2019) Effect of biofertiliser containing different percentage rates of chemical fertiliser on oil palm seedlings. J Oil Palm Res. https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2019.0053


Zhang X, Tong J, Dong M et al (2022) Isolation, identification and characterization of nitrogen fixing endophytic bacteria and their effects on cassava production. PeerJ 10:e12677. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12677

 


Author Information


Department of Life Sciences, Christ University, Bengaluru, India