Vegetos

---

Research Articles | Published: 30 June, 2025

References

---

Alonso-Castro AJ, Serrano‐Vega R, Perez Gutierrez S, Isiordia‐Espinoza MA, Solorio‐Alvarado CR (2022) Myristic acid reduces skin inflammation and nociception. J Food Biochem 46(1):e14013


Anitha J, Miruthula S (2014) Anti-inflammatory and phytochemicals analysis of Cassia fistulalinn. Fruit pulp extracts. Int J Pharmscog 1(3):207–215


Antonisamy P, Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S (2011) Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of Friedelin isolated from Azima tetracantha lam. In mouse and rat models. J Pharm Pharmacol 63(8):1070–1077


Arora N, Pandey-Rai S (2014) GC–MS analysis of the essential oil of Celastrus paniculatus willd. Seeds and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory study of its various solvent extracts. Ind Crops Prod 61:345–351


Avoseh NO, Lawal OA, Ogunwande IA, Ascrizzi R, Flamini G, Amoo E (2020) In vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities, and chemical constituents of essential oil from the leaf of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Rubiaceae). Trends in Phytochemical Research 4(4):203–212


Bennett JM, Reeves G, Billman GE, Sturmberg JP (2018) Inflammation–nature’s way to efficiently respond to all types of challenges: implications for Understanding and managing the epidemic of chronic diseases. Front Med 5:316


Bhattacharya M (2014) Floral components of Darjeeling with special reference to its forest areas. A Comprehensive District Profile of Darjeeling, (L)


Bhattacharyya D, Sanjappa M (2008) Rhododendron habitats in India


Bhattacharyya D Revision of the genus Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) in India. University of Calcutta, Kolkata, Thesis PD (2005) (Unpublished)


Bhardwaj M, Sali VK, Mani S, Vasanthi HR (2020) Neophytadiene from Turbinaria ornata suppresses LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages and Sprague Dawley rats. Inflammation 43:937–950


Bugnon M, Röhrig UF, Goullieux M, Perez MA, Daina A, Michielin O, Zoete V (2024) SwissDock 2024: major enhancements for small-molecule Docking with attracting cavities and AutoDock Vina. Nucleic Acids Res, gkae300


Buschhaus C, Jetter R (2011) Composition differences between epicuticular and intracuticular wax substructures: how do plants seal their epidermal surfaces? J Exp Bot 62(3):841–853


Byju K, Vasundhara G, Anuradha V, Nair SM, Kumar NC (2013) Presence of phytol, a precursor of vitamin E in Chaetomorpha Antinnina. Mapana J Sci 12(2):57–65


Campos CA, Lima BS, Trindade GG, Souza EP, Mota DS, Heimfarth L, Thangaraj P (2019) Anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Citral with β-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes in animal models. Life Sci 229:139–148


Chakraborty S, Majumder S, Ghosh A, Saha S, Bhattacharya M (2021) Metabolomics of potential contenders conferring antioxidant property to varied Polar and non-polar solvent extracts of Edgaria darjeelingensis CB Clarke. Bull Natl Res Centre 45:1–12


Chamberlain D, Hyam R, Argent G, Fairweather G, Walter KS (1996) The genus rhododendron: its classification and synonymy. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh


Choi SE, Park KH, Han BH, Jeong MS, Seo SJ, Lee DI, Lee MW (2011) Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression by phenolic compounds from roots of Rhododendron mucronulatum. Phytother Res 25(9):1301–1305


Chowdhury SK, Dutta T, Chattopadhyay AP, Ghosh NN (2021) Isolation of antimicrobial tridecanoic acid from Bacillus sp. LBF-01 and its potentialization through silver nanoparticles synthesis: a combined experimental and theoretical studies. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, pp 1–15. Chowdhury SMandal V


da Silva KAS, Paszcuk AF, Passos GF, Silva ES, Bento AF, Meotti FC, Calixto JB (2011) Activation of cannabinoid receptors by the pentacyclic triterpene α, β-amyrin inhibits inflammatory and neuropathic persistent pain in mice. PAIN® 152(8):1872–1887


Davis AM, Teague SJ (1999) Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and failure of the rigid receptor hypothesis. Angew Chem Int Ed 38(6):736–749


de Almeida PD, Boleti APDA, Rüdiger AL, Lourenço GA, da Veiga Junior VF, Lima ES (2015) Anti-inflammatory activity of triterpenes isolated from Protium paniculatum oil‐resins. Evidence‐Based Complement Altern Med 2015(1):293768


Du SY, Huang HF, Li XQ, Zhai LX, Zhu QC, Zheng K, Xiao HT (2020) Anti-inflammatory properties of Uvaol on DSS-induced colitis and LPS-stimulated macrophages. Chin Med 15:1–13


Erdemoglu N, Akkol EK, Yesilada E, Calış I (2008) Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive principles from a folk remedy, Rhododendron ponticum L. leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 119(1):172–178


Ferreira EA, Queiroz LS, Silva Facchini GDF, Guedes MCMR, Macedo GC, Sousa OVD, Da Silva Filho AA (2023) Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae) root extract and its triterpene baccharis oxide display topical anti-inflammatory effects on different mice ear edema models. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med 2023(1):9923941


Ghimeray AK, Lee HY, Kim YH, Ryu EK, Chang MS (2015) Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of Rhododendron brachycarpum extract used in skin care product by in vitro and in vivo test. Technol Invest 6(2):105–111


Gonfa YH, Tessema FB, Bachheti A, Rai N, Tadesse MG, Singab AN, Chaubey KK, Bachheti RK (2023) Anti-inflammatory activity of phytochemicals from medicinal plants and their nanoparticles: A review. Curr Res Biotechnol 6:100152


Gupta MB, Bhalla TN, Tangri KK, Bhargava KP (1971) Biochemical study of the anti-inflammatory activity of α and β-amyrin acetate. Biochem Pharmacol 20(2):401–405


Hamburger M, Adler S, Baumann D, Förg A, Weinreich B (2003) Preparative purification of the major anti-inflammatory triterpenoid esters from marigold (Calendula officinalis). Fitoterapia 74(4):328–338


Henry GE, Momin RA, Nair MG, Dewitt DL (2002) Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase activities of fatty acids found in food. J Agric Food Chem 50(8):2231–2234


Huang Q, Chen C, Zhang Z, Xue Q (2023) Anti-inflammatory effects of myristic acid mediated by the NF-κB pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 microglial cells. Mol Omics 19(9):726–734


Inagaki M, Jyoyama H, Ono T, Yamada K, Kobayashi M, Baba T, Tsuri T (2003) Synthesis and activities of oxidative metabolites of the anti-arthritic drug candidate S-2474. Bioorg Med Chem 11(11):2415–2419


Jang SA, Park DW, Kwon JE, Song HS, Park B, Jeon H, Kang SC (2017) Quinic acid inhibits vascular inflammation in TNF-α-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells. Biomed Pharmacother 96:563–571


Jayaraj RL, Beiram R, Azimullah S, Mf NM, Ojha SK, Adem A, Jalal FY (2020) Valeric acid protects dopaminergic neurons by suppressing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and modulating autophagy pathways. Int J Mol Sci 21(20):7670


Jayawardena TU, Sanjeewa KA, Lee HG, Nagahawatta DP, Yang HW, Kang MC, Jeon YJ (2020) Particulate matter-induced inflammation/oxidative stress in macrophages: fucosterol from Padina Boryana as a potent protector, activated via NF-κB/MAPK pathways and Nrf2/HO-1 involvement. Mar Drugs 18(12):628


Khatun MS, Mia N, Al Bashera M, Murad MA, Zahan R, Parvin S, Akhtar MA (2024) Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential and GC-MS profiling of leaf extracts from Clerodendrum infortunatum L. J Ethnopharmacol 320:117366


Kong F, Lee BH, Wei K (2019) 5-hydroxymethylfurfural mitigates lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammation via suppression of MAPK, NF-κB and mTOR activation in RAW 264.7 cells. Molecules 24(2):275


Kumar D, Sharma P, Singh H, Nepali K, Gupta GK, Jain SK, Ntie-Kang F (2017) The value of Pyrans as anticancer scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. Royal Soc Chem Adv 7(59):36977–36999


Lawal F, Bapela MJ, Adebayo SA, Nkadimeng SM, Yusuf AA, Malterud KE, Tshikalange TE (2019) Anti-inflammatory potential of South African medicinal plants used for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections. South Afr J Bot 125:62–71


Lenfeld J, Motl O, Trka A (1986) Anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from Conyza canadensis. Pharmazie 41(4):268–269


Leon LR (2007) Heat stroke and cytokines. Prog Brain Res 162:481–524


Liu M, Zhang Y, Liu J, Xiang C, Lu Q, Lu H, Tang W (2024) Revisiting the role of valeric acid in manipulating ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 30(4):617–628


Luo Y, Shen Y, Zong L, Xie J, Dai L, Luo X (2023) Anti-rheumatoid arthritis potential of Rhododendron molle G. Don leaf extract in adjuvant induced arthritis rats. J Ethnopharmacol 307:116175


Ma Y, Wei G, Dong Z, Wang Z, Zhai X, Liu Y, Chen H, Fu Y, Hou H, Hu Q, Chu M (2025) Solanesol: a promising natural product. Front Pharmacol 16:1504245


Majumder S, Ghosh A, Chakraborty S, Saha S, Bhattacharya M (2021) Metabolomics affirms traditional alcoholic beverage Raksi as a remedy for high-altitude sickness. J Ethnic Foods 8:1–10


Majumder S, Chakraborty S, Ghosh A, Subba S, Bhattacharya M (2024) Pain healing potential of famous traditional fermented Rhododendron (Lali Guras) beverages from Indo-Nepal Himalaya: In vitro and in silico evaluation. Maso International–Journal of Food Science and Technology 14(1):1–12


Moghrovyan A, Parseghyan L, Sevoyan G, Darbinyan A, Sahakyan N, Gaboyan M, Voskanyan A (2022) Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties of Origanum vulgare essential oil, rich with β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide. Korean J Pain 35(2):140


Naikwadi PH, Phatangare ND, Mane DV (2022) Active Anti-Inflammatory potency of γ-Sitosterol from Woodfordia floribunda Salisb. J Plant Sci Res 38(2)


Pan PH, Lin SY, Ou YC, Chen WY, Chuang YH, Yen YJ, Chen CJ (2010) Stearic acid attenuates cholestasis-induced liver injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 391(3):1537–1542


Paudel A, Panthee S, Shakya S, Amatya S, Shrestha T, Amatya MP (2016) Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and other Pharmacological activities of methanol extract of Rhododendron campanulatum from Nepal. Eur J Med Plants 13(4):1–7


Prasath KG, Alexpandi R, Parasuraman R, Pavithra M, Ravi AV, Pandian SK (2021) Anti-inflammatory potential of myristic acid and palmitic acid synergism against systemic candidiasis in Danio rerio (Zebrafish). Biomed Pharmacother 133:111043


Rai U, Lama D, Thapa N, Rai S (2013) Diversity of Rhododendron Linnaeus (Ericaceae) in Singalila National park located in the Darjeeling part of the himalaya. Pleione 7(2):424–440


Ricciotti E, FitzGerald GA (2011) Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arteriosclerosis. Thromb Vascular Biology 31(5):986–1000


Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, Borschmann R (2018) Global, regional, and National age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet 392(10159):1736–1788


Ruiz-Núñez B, Dijck-Brouwer DJ, Muskiet FA (2016) The relation of saturated fatty acids with low-grade inflammation and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr Biochem 36:1–20


Ruqiao L, Yueli C, Xuelan Z, Huifen L, Xin Z, Danjie Z, Yanxue Z (2020) Rhizoma Atractylodis macrocephalae: a review of photochemistry, pharmacokinetics and Pharmacology. Die Pharmazie-An Int J Pharm Sci 75(2):42–55


Ryz NR, Remillard DJ, Russo EB (2017) Cannabis roots: a traditional therapy with future potential for treating inflammation and pain. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2(1):210–216


Saeed NM, El-Demerdash E, Abdel-Rahman HM, Algandaby MM, Al-Abbasi FA, Abdel-Naim AB (2012) Anti-inflammatory activity of Methyl palmitate and Ethyl palmitate in different experimental rat models. Toxicol Appl Pharmcol 264(1):84–93


Saleem M (2009) Lupeol, a novel anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer dietary triterpene. Cancer Lett 285(2):109–115


Samuels L, Kunst L, Jetter R (2008) Sealing plant surfaces: cuticular wax formation by epidermal cells. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59(1):683–707


Saso L, Valentini G, Casini ML, Grippa E, Gatto MT, Leone MG, Silvestrini B (2001) Inhibition of heat-induced denaturation of albumin by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Pharmacological implications. Arch Pharm Res 24:150–158


Şener K, Ekici M, Gönülalan EM, Bodur E (2024) Comparative study of the Anti-Inflammatory pathway enzyme activities of selected plant extracts from Lamiaceae family. Fabad J Pharm Sci 49(1):197–210


Sharifi-Rad J, Rapposelli S, Sestito S, Herrera-Bravo J, Arancibia-Diaz A, Salazar LA, Calina D (2022) Multi-target mechanisms of phytochemicals in alzheimer’s disease: effects on oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and protein aggregation. J Personalized Med 12(9):1515


Sharma S, Chaudhary S, Harchanda A (2022) Rhododendron arboreum: A critical review on phytochemicals, health benefits and applications in the food processing industries. Curr Nutr Food Sci 18(3):287–304


Shaw PE, Tatum JH, Berry RE (1971) 2, 3-Dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, a degradation product of a hexose. Carbohydr Res 16(1):207–211


Simon LS (1999) Role and regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 during inflammation. Am J Med 106(5):37S–42S


Sołtys A, Galanty A, Grabowska K, Paśko P, Zagrodzki P, Podolak I (2023) Multidirectional effects of terpenoids from Sorbus intermedia (EHRH.) PERS fruits in cellular model of benign prostate hyperplasia. Pharmaceuticals 16(7):965


Srivastava P (2012) Rhododendron arboreum: an overview. J Appl Pharm Sci 02(1):158–162


Sudaryadi I, Oktaweni F, Pramono IE, Fatikasary KW, Widiawati H (2023) Bioactive compound profile of propolis product from Beekeeping (Meliponiculture) in Turi Yogyakarta Indonesia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1200(1):012002


Szakiel A, Pączkowski C, Pensec F, Bertsch C (2012) Fruit cuticular waxes as a source of biologically active triterpenoids. Phytochem Rev 11:263–284


Tiwari ON, Chauhan UK (2006) Rhododendron conservation in Sikkim himalaya. Curr Sci 90(4):532–541. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24088945


Truong VL, Bae YJ, Rarison RH, Bang JH, Park SY, Jeong WS (2023) Anti-Inflammatory and antioxidant activities of lipophilic fraction from Liriope platyphylla seeds using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro experiments. Int J Mol Sci 24(19):14958


Veerabahu S, Ethirajulu S, Gunasekaran S, Janarthanan UK, Sampath G (2022) Invitro assessment of wound healing mechanisms of synthesized biomaterial with spider web as a novel Raw material. Clean Mater 4:100077


Verma N, Singh AP, Amresh G, Sahu PK, Rao CV (2010) Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity of Rhododendron arboreum. J Pharm Res 3(6):1376–1380


Vonkeman HE, van de Laar MA (2010) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: adverse effects and their prevention. Semin Arthritis Rheum 39(4):294–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2008.08.001


Yatoo M, Gopalakrishnan A, Saxena A, Parray OR, Tufani NA, Chakraborty S, Iqbal H (2018) Anti-inflammatory drugs and herbs with special emphasis on herbal medicines for countering inflammatory diseases and disorders-a review. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov 12(1):39–58


Yi H, Wang K, Gan X, Li L, Zhang Q, Xiang J, Wang Y (2020) Prophylaxis of ibuprofen in acute mountain sickness: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 99(46):e23233


Zeng X, Liu W, Yuan T (2022) Sesquiterpenes from Rhododendron Nivale and their anti-inflammatory activity. Chem Biodivers 19(11):e202200856


Zhang P, Liu N, Xue M, Zhang M, Xiao Z, Xu C, Fan Y, Liu W, Qiu J, Zhang Q, Zhou Y (2023) Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of squalene in copper sulfate-induced inflammation in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Int J Mol Sci 24(10):8518


Zielińska A, Martins-Gomes C, Ferreira NR, Silva AM, Nowak I, Souto EB (2018) Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity of citral: optimization of citral-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) using experimental factorial design and LUMiSizer®. Int J Pharm 553(1–2):428–440




 

Author Information

---

Molecular Biology and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Tea Science, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohanpur, Siliguri, Darjeeling, India